5v4e  Bulletin 
of  the  University  of 
Minnesota 

Announcement  of 

Courses  in  Plant  Science  Available  in 
the  Several  Schools  and  Colleges 

1922-1923 


Vo).  XXV  No.  28  July  7 1922 


Entered  at  the  post-off  ce  in  Minneapolis  as  second-class  matter 
Minneapolis,  Minnesota 

Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  provided  for  in  section  1103, 
Act  of  October  3,  1917,  authorized  July  12,  1918 


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UNIVERSITY  CALENDAR 

1922-23 


1922 


September 

16 

Saturday 

Payment  of  fees  closes,  except  for  new 
students 

September 

19-26 

Examinations  for  removal  of  conditions 
and  entrance  examinations 

Physical  examinations  for  all  new  stu- 
dents 

September 

19-23 

Registration  period,  colleges  of  Science, 
Literature,  and  the  Arts,  and  Agricul- 
ture, Forestry,  and  Home  Economics 

September 

25-26 

Registration  days  for  all  colleges  not  in- 
dicated above 

September 

26 

Tuesday 

Payment  of  fees  for  new  students  closes 

September 

27 

Wednesday 

Fall  quarter  begins,  8 130*  a.m. 

October 

14 

Saturday 

Class  Scrap  Day;  classes  dismissed  the 
third  and  fourth  hours 

October 

26 

Thursday 

Senate  meeting,  4 130  p.m. 

November 

4 

Saturday 

Home  Coming  Day ; classes  dismissed 
the  third  and  fourth  hours 

November 

7 

Tuesday 

General  Election  Day;  a holiday 

November 

11 

Saturday 

Armistice  Day;  a holiday 

November 

30 

Thursday 

Thanksgiving  Day;  a holiday 

December 

14 

Thursday 

Senate  meeting,  4:30  p.m. 

December 

1923 

20 

Wednesday 

Fall  quarter  ends,  Christmas  vacation 
begins,  5 120  p.m. 

January 

4 

Thursday 

Christmas  va9ation  ends,  winter  quarter 
begins,  8 130*  a.m. 

February 

12 

Monday 

Lincoln’s  Birthday ; a holiday 

February 

15 

Thursday 

Senate  meeting,  4:30  p.m. 

February 

22 

Thursday 

Washington’s  Birthday;  a holiday 

March 

23 

Friday 

Winter  quarter  ends,  spring  vacation  be- 
gins, 5 :20  p.m. 

April 

4 

Wednesday 

Spring  vacation  ends,  spring  quarter  be- 
gins, 8 130*  a.m. 

Information  in  regard  to  dates  of  registration,  etc.,  can  be  obtained 
from  bulletin  of  general  information. 


First  hour  classes  begin  at  8:15  at  University  Farm. 


4 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


May 

1 7 

^ Thursday 

Senate  meeting,  4:30  p.m. 

May 

30 

Wednesday 

Memorial  Day ; a holiday 

June 

17 

Sunday 

Baccalaureate  service 

June 

20 

Wednesday 

Fifty-first  annual  commencement 

June 

20 

Wednesday 

Spring  quarter  closes,  5 :20  p.m. 

June 

June 

23-25 

26 

Tuesday 

Registration  days  for  Summer  Session 
Summer  Session  and  summer  quarter 

July 

4 

Wednesday 

begin 

Independence  Day ; a holiday 

August 

3 

Friday 

Summer  Session  closes 

September 

7 

Friday 

Summer  quarter  closes 

EXECUTIVE  OFFICERS 


Lotus  D.  Coffman,  Ph.D.,  President 

Rodney  M.  West,  B.A.,  Registrar 

Albert  J.  Lobb,  Ph.B.,  LL.B.,  University  Comptroller 

Harold  S.  Diehl,  M.A.,  M.D.,  Director  of  the  University  Health  Service 

John  J.  Pettijohn,  B.A.,  Executive  Secretary  and  Secretary  of  the  Board 
of  Regents 

John  B.  Johnston,  Ph.D.,  Dean  of  the  College  of  Science,  Literature, 
and  the  Arts 

Walter  C.  Coffey,  M.S.,  Dean  and  Director  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture 

Edward  M.  Freeman,  Ph.D.,  Dean  of  the  College  of  Agriculture,  Forestry, 
and  Home  Economics 

Elias  Potter  Lyon,  Ph.D.,  M.D.,  Dean  of  the  Medical  School 

Frederick  J.  Wulling,  Phm.G.,  Phm.D.,  LL.M.,  Dean  of  the  College  of 
Pharmacy 

Guy  Stanton  Ford,  Ph.D.,  Dean  of  the  Graduate  School 

Jessie  S.  Ladd,  Dean  of  Women 

Edward  E.  Nicholson,  M.A.,  Dean  of  Student  Affairs 


INSTRUCTIONAL  STAFF 
IN 

PLANT  SCIENCE  COURSES 


AGRICULTURAL  BIOCHEMISTRY— COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE. 
FORESTRY,  AND  HOME  ECONOMICS 

Ross  A.  Gortner,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Agricultural  Biochemistry 
Clyde  H.  Bailey,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Agricultural  Biochemistry 
Cornelia  Kennedy,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Agricultural  Biochemistry 
Clarence  A.  Morrow,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Agricultural  Bio- 
chemistry 

Leroy  S.  Palmer,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Agricultural  Biochemistry 
John  J.  Willaman,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Plant  Chemistry 
Arthur  K.  Anderson,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Agricultural  Biochemistry 
Sigfred  M.  Hauge,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Agricultural  Biochemistry 
Robert  Evans,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Agricultural  Biochemistry 

AGRONOMY  AND  FARM  MANAGEMENT— COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE, 
FORESTRY,  AND  HOME  ECONOMICS 

Andrew  Boss,  Professor  of  Agronomy  and  Farm  Management 
Albert  C.  Arny,  M.S.  in  Agr.,  Associate  Professor  of  Agronomy 
Louis  F.  Garey,  M.A.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Agronomy  and  Farm  Man- 
agement 

Herbert  K.  Hayes,  D.Sc.,  Professor  of  Plant-Breeding 
Forrest  W.  McGinnis,  M.S.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Agronomy 
John  H.  Beaumont,  B.S.  in  Agr.,  Instructor  in  Horticulture 
Fred  W.  Griffee,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Agronomy 
Ferdinand  H.  Steinmetz,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Agronomy 

BACTERIOLOGY  AND  IMMUNOLOGY— MEDICAL  SCHOOL 

Winford  P.  Larson,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Bacteriology 

Arthur  T.  Henrici,  M.D.,  Associate  Professor  of  Bacteriology 

Anne  Benton,  M.A.,  Instructor  in  Bacteriology 

Beryl  S.  Green,  M.A.,  Instructor  in  Bacteriology 

Robert  G.  Green,  M.A.,  Instructor  in  Bacteriology 

David  O.  Spriestersbach,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Bacteriology 

Madeleine  Guillemin,  B.A.,  Teaching  Fellow  in  Bacteriology  and  Botany 

BOTANY— COLLEGE  OF  SCIENCE,  LITERATURE,  AND  THE  ARTS 

C.  Otto  Rosendahl,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Botany 

Frederic  K.  Butters,  Ph.D.,  Associate  Professor  of  Botany 

William  S.  Cooper,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Botany 

Elias  J.  Durand,  D.Sc.,  Professor  of  Botany 

Rodney  B.  Harvey,  Ph.D.,  Associate  Professor  of  Botany 

Ned  L.  Huff,  M.A.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Botany 


FACULTY 


7 


Lee  I.  Knight,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Botany 
Josephine  E.  Tilden,  M.S.,  Professor  of  Botany 

ENTOMOLOGY  AND  ECONOMIC  ZOOLOGY— COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE, 
FORESTRY,  AND  HOME  ECONOMICS 

William  A.  Riley,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Entomology 
Royal  N.  Chapman,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  O'f  Animal  Biology 
Harry  H.  Knight,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Entomology 
Oscar  W.  Oestlund,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Animal  Biology 
Arthur  G.  Ruggles,  M.A.,  Professor  of  Entomology 

Frederic  L.  Washburn,  M.A.,  Professor  of  Economic  Vertebrate  Zoology 
Samuel  A.  Graham,  Ph.D.,  Instructor  in  Entomology 

FORESTRY— COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE,  FORESTRY,  AND  HOME 

ECONOMICS 

Edward  G.  Cheyney,  B.A.,  Professor  of  Forestry 
John  H.  Allison,  Ph.B.,  M.F.,  Professor  of  Forestry 
John  P.  Wentling,  M.A.,  Associate  Professor  of  Forestry 
Leland  L.  DeFlon,  B.S.,  Instructor  in  Forestry 
Thorwald  S.  Hansen,  M.F.,  Instructor  in  Forestry 
Gilbert  H.  Wiggin,  B.S.,  Instructor  in  Forestry 

HORTICULTURE— COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE,  FORESTRY,  AND  HOME 

ECONOMICS 

William  H.  Alderman,  B.S.A.,  Professor  of  Horticulture 

Wilfrid  G.  Brierley,  M.S.  in  Hort.,  Associate  Professor  of  Horticulture 

LeRoy  Cady,  B.S.  in  Agr.,  Associate  Professor  of  Horticulture 

William  T.  Tapley,  B.S.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Horticulture 

John  W.  Bushnell,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Horticulture 

Fred  A.  Krantz,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Horticulture 

PHARMACOGNOSY— COLLEGE  OF  PHARMACY 

Edwin  L.  Newcomb,  Phm.D.,  Phm.M.,  Professor  of  Pharmaceutical  Botany 
2nd  Pharmacognosy 

Charles  E.  Smyithe,  Assistant  in  Pharmacognosy 

PLANT  PATHOLOGY  AND  BOTANY— COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE, 
FORESTRY,  AND  HOME  ECONOMICS 

Edward  M.  Freeman,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Plant  Pathology  and  Botany 

ElVin  C.  Stakman,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Plant  Pathology 

Alvin  H.  Larson,  B.S.  in  Agr.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Agricultural  Botany 

Julian  G.  Leach,  M.S.,  Assistant  Professor  in  Plant  Pathology 

Henry  D.  Barker,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Plant  Pathology 

Louise  Dosdall,  M.A.,  Instructor  in  Plant  Pathology 

James  L.  Seal,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Plant  Pathology 


8 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


SOILS— COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE,  FORESTRY,  AND  HOME  ECONOMICS 

Frederick  J.  Alway,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Soil  Chemistry 
Clayton  O.  Rost,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Soils 
Paul  R.  McMiller,  M.S.,  Instructor  in  Soils 


Information  concerning  the  plant  science  courses  may  be  obtained  from 
members  of  the 

COMMITTEE  ON  BULLETIN 

Dean  Edward  M.  Freeman,  University  Farm,  St.  Paul.  Minnesota 
Professor  C.  Otto  Rosendahl,  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis, 
Minnesota 

Professor  Ross  A.  Gortner,  University  Farm,  St.  Paul,  Minnesota 


PLANT  SCIENCE  COURSES  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  MINNESOTA 

FUNDAMENTAL  AIMS 

Modern  study  and  research  in  plant  science  can  be  pursued  to  best 
advantage  only  under  healthy  conditions  of  cooperation,  a cooperation 
amongst  equals  in  an  intellectual  and  scientific  democracy.  It  is  the  aim 
at  the  University  of  Minnesota  to  promote  this  cooperation  in  every  profit- 
able phase.  This  bulletin  is  the  result  of  the  combined  efforts  of  plant 
scientists  from  several  widely  separated  colleges  and  departments  of  the 
University.  The  best  results  can  be  obtained  only  by  the  elimination  of 
college,  departmental,  and  other 'administrative  lines,  and  the  concentration 
of  kindred  interests  upon  the  problems  of  research  and  of  the  training  of 
investigators.  Many  investigators  and  teachers  in  all  phases  of  the  sciences 
which  contribute  to  the  general  field  of  plant  science — biochemists,  bac- 
teriologists, botanists,  mycologists,  geneticists,  horticulturists,  and  many 
others  have  been  joining  together  in  the  solution  of  specific  research  prob- 
lems. They  are  desirous  of  carrying  this  cooperation  into  the  field  of 
training  students  and  investigators  so  that  such  students  and  investigators 
shall  have  broad  foundations  and  at  the  same  time  the  intense  special  training 
which  is  essential  to  their  future  success.  In  the  increasing  complexities  of 
modern  science  such  success  can  be  obtained  only  by  thoro  preparation 
in  carefully  selected  branches  of  the  general  field.  It  is  hoped  that  this 
bulletin  will  make  clear  to  the  student  the  possibilities  of  such  training  at 
Minnesota. 

The  possibilities  in  research  at  Minnesota  are  further  broadened  by 
numerous  opportunities  of  contact  with  organizations  outside  of  the 
University.  A number  of  departments  maintain  extensive  cooperation  with 
various  offices  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  especially 
in  cereal  breeding  and  cereal  disease  work.  Joint  projects  are  maintained 
with  the  various  divisions  of  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture  in  the 
seed  laboratory,  potato  seed  certification,  cereal  chemistry  and  the  state 
experimental  flour  mill,  state  nursery  inspection,  and  other  branches.  One 
of  the  most  interesting  and  gratifying  types  of  cooperation  has  been  begun 
with  excellent  prospects  of  results  with  the  Canadian  educational  and 
research  institutions  of  the  northwest  in  the  solution  of  plant  science 
problems  common  to  the  two  countries. 

It  is  the  ambition  of  the  plant  science  group  of  the  University  of 
Minnesota— an  informal  group  which  is  bound  together  not  by  administra- 
tional  ties,  but  by  common  purpose  bonds— to  exalt  the  research  problem 
and  the  training  of  the  investigator  and  to  minimize  the  emphasis  on  the 
administrative  organization  of  departments  and  colleges. 


GENERAL  INFORMATION  . 

This  bulletin  presents  to  resident  and  prospective  students  of  the  Uni- 
versity a list  of  the  courses  offered  in  the  various  colleges  and  schools  which 
have  to  do  directly  and  indirectly  with  the  study  of  plants. 

To  undergraduates  it  is  intended  to  show  the  diversity  of  plant  inter- 
ests, some  of  the  possibilities  of  a knowledge  of  plant  science,  the  various 
courses  offered  to  one  preparing  for  a profession  in  this  special  field, 
and  the  correlation  of  the  various  plant  science  courses  in  the  many  dif- 
ferent phases  of  this  particular  branch  of  science.  A study  of  these 
correlated  courses  should  enable  the  student  early  in  his  career  to  realize 
that  if  he  is  to  make  the  greatest  success  in  the  study  of  plants  the 
foundations  of  knowledge  should  be  broadly  laid. 

To  graduate  students  the  list  shows  concisely  yet  fully  the  range  of 
possibility  of  election  of  courses  in  plant  science.  This  applies  not  only 
to  the  major  field,  but  also'  to  the  minor  and  supporting  fields  of  graduate 
study.  The  more  definite  the  object  of  the  graduate  student  in  selecting 
his  courses  the  easier  becomes  such  selection.  It  is  hoped  that  this  list  will 
show  the  wide  range  of  possibilities  and  make  selection  easier  and  most 
profitable.  The  regulations  of  the  Graduate  School  should  be  kept  closely 
in  mind  as  should  also  the  prerequisites  of  the  various  bourses. 

Supporting  subjects. — The  attention  of  the  student  is  also  especially 
called  to  the  fact  that  frequently  subjects  and  courses  not  listed  here  and 
not  primarily  plant  science  courses  may  be  of  paramount  importance  in 
a given  line  of  study.  A few  of  them  are  here  enumerated  more  as 
illustrations  than  as  an  attempt  to  furnish  a complete  list : animal  biology 
(College  of  Science,  Literature,  and  the  Arts),  economic  entomology  and 
zoology  (College  of  Agriculture,  Forestry,  and  Home  Economics),  chem- 
istry (School  of  Chemistry,  especially  the  divisions  of  Organic  Chemistry 
and  Physical  Chemistry),  pharmacology  (Medicine),  physics  (Science, 
Literature,  and  the  Arts),  geology  (Science,  Literature,  and  the  Arts). 

Foreign  languages. — Any  student  who  contemplates  continuing  plant 
science  as  a special  line  of  study  is  strongly  advised  to  obtain  at  as  early 
a date  as  possible,  proficiency  in  one  or  both  of  the  modern  languages  of 
German  and  French.  A knowledge  of  Latin,  Italian,  and  the  Scandinavian 
languages  is  also  very  useful. 

Seminars , special  lectures,  etc. — The  usual  departmental  seminars  are 
listed  under  the  subject-matter  statements.  In  addition,  there  is  a Special 
Plant  Science  Seminar  which  meets  once  a month  during  the  academic 
year.  Topics  of  general  interest  to  the  entire  plant  science  group  are 
discussed.  The  Program  Committee  of  the  Plant  Science  Seminar  is 
often  able  to  secure  speakers  of  national  reputation  in  the  plant  science 
field.  This  seminar  carries  no  college  credit ; registration  for  the  seminar 
is  not  required,  but  graduate  students  are  urged  to  attend.  Topics  presented 
at  this  seminar,  together  with  the  ensuing  discussions,  will  assist  materially 
in  securing  a view  of  the  entire  field  of  plant  science. 

The  Biological  Club  meets  once  in  two  weeks,  alternating  with  the 
Plant  Science  Seminar.  Topics  of  general  biological  interest  are  discussed. 
Most  of  the  scientific  meetings  are  open  to  those  interested  in  the  broad 
field  of  biology,  and  graduate  students  are  especially  invited  to  be  present. 


GENERAL  INFORMATION 


ii 


Scientific  societies. — There  are  a number  of  scientific  societies  which 
hold  regularly  scheduled  meetings  at  the  University  or  in  the  adjacent 
Twin  Cities.  Among  these  are  the  Minnesota  Section  of  the  American 
Chemical  Society,  the  Minnesota  Section  of  the  Society  for  Experimental 
Biology  and  Medicine,  the  Minnesota  Section  of  the  Society  of  Milling 
and  Baking  Technology,  the  Minnesota  Mycological  Society,  the  Min- 
nesota Horticultural  Society,  and  the  Society  of  the  Sigma  Xi.  The  hon- 
orary chemical  society,  Phi  Lambda  Upsilon,  and  the  honorary  agricultural 
society,  Gamma  Sigma  Delta,  present  from  time  to  time  scientific  lectures 
by  men  of  prominence.  The.  scientific  programs  of  these  societies  are  open 
to  all  who  may  be  interested. 

Fellowships,  scholarships,  and  assistant  ships. — There  are  a number  of 
fellowships  and  scholarships  open  to  graduate  students.  In  addition  there 
are  a large  number  of  assistantships  open  in  the  various  divisions  or  de- 
partments. Such  assistantships  require  that  a certain  amount  of  service 
should  be  rendered,  either  in  the  classroom  or  in  the  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station.  The  Department  of  Agriculture  has  prepared  a circular 
describing  in  detail  the  fellowships,  scholarships,  and  assistantships  avail- 
able in  that  department.  This  may  be  secured  by  addressing  the  dean  of 
the  College  of  Agriculture.  Similar  information  regarding  other  colleges 
may  be  secured  by  addressing  the  dean  of  the  particular  school  or  college 
concerned  or  communicating  with  the  head  of  the  department  in  which 
major  work  will  be  presented.  Holders  of  graduate  fellowships,  scholar- 
ships, or  assistantships  are  exempt  from  the  payment  of  tuition. 

There  are  likewise  a number  of  undergraduate  scholarships  and  as- 
sistantships. Information  regarding  these  may  be  obtained  through  the 
registrar  or  the  dean  of  the  college  in  which  the  student  is  registered. 

Graduate  work  in  the  summer  quarter. — Work  of  graduate  character 
done  in  the  Summer  Session  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  under  a 
member  of  the  graduate  faculty  may  be  counted  for  residence  credit  for 
advanced  degrees.  The  course  work  for  the  Master's  degree  may  be 
completed  in  four  summer  sessions  of  six  weeks  each.  Students  working 
for  the  Master’s  degree  in  summer  sessions  must  file  the  subjects  of  their 
theses  before  the  completion  of  the  first  half  of  the  required  work. 

An  increasing  amount  of  graduate  work  in  fields  of  plant  science  is 
being  offered  during  the  summer.  Several  departments  are  offering  lecture 
and  laboratory  courses  extending  through  an  entire  summer  quarter.  Three 
such  summer  quarters  may  complete  the  requirements  including  the  prep- 
aration of  a satisfactory  thesis  for  a Master’s  degree.  Advanced  students 
who  are  prepared  to  undertake  thesis  work  may  register  for  a full  summer 
quarter’s  work  in  many  of  the  departments  whose  announcement  appears 
in  this  bulletin.  Students  contemplating  such  registration  should  com- 
municate with  the  head  of  the  department  in  which  they  expect  to  major 
in  order  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  a full  quarter’s  work  is  available. 

A number  of  undergraduate  courses  are  offered  in  the  six  weeks’ 
Summer  Session.  The  courses  may  be  found  in  the  bulletin  of  the  Summer 
Session. 

Students  who  desire  graduate  credit  for  work  in  the  summer  must 
register  with  the  dean  of  the  Graduate  School. 


12 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


Undergraduate  student  regulations. — Rules  governing  undergraduate 
work  differ  in  the  various  colleges  within  the  University.  The  under- 
graduate student  must  of  necessity  consult  the  bulletin  of  the  college  in 
which  he  is  or  intends  to  be  registered.  He  should  particularly  consider 
carefully  (a)  the  regulations  of  the  college  in  which  he  is  registered  in 
regard  to  the  possibility  of  taking  work  in  other  colleges  and  (b)  the 
prerequisites  of  the  desired  courses. 

Graduate  student  regulations. — Graduate  work  in  the  University  of 
Minnesota  is  not  controlled  by  the  individual  colleges  but  is  under  the 
direction  of  the  faculty  of  the  Graduate  School.  An  extended  statement 
of  the  rules  governing  graduate  study  and  the  requirements  which  must 
be  met  before  advanced  degrees  can  be  conferred  will  be  found  in  the 
bulletin  of  the  Graduate  School  which  may  be  obtained  upon  application  to 
the  dean  of  the  Graduate  School. 

The  following  is  an  abbreviated  statement  of  the  essential  require- 
ments for  advanced  degrees ; for  further  details  consult  the  bulletin  of  the 
Graduate  School. 

REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  MASTER’S  DEGREE 

The  degree  of  master  of  arts  is,  in  general,  conferred  for  advanced 
non-technical  study  ; the  degree  of  master  of  science  for  advanced  technical 
study,  such  as  agriculture,  industrial  chemistry,  engineering,  etc. 

The  requirements  for  the  degrees  of  master  of  arts  or  master  of 
science  are  covered  in  general  by  the  statement  that  these  degrees  may 
be  earned  by  properly  qualified  students  only  by  at  least  one  full  academic 
year’s  work  in  residence  at  this  University  (three  quarters).  Students 
who  have  not  adequate'  preparation  in  the  specific  chosen  field  of  work, 
or  who  are  doing  outside  work  in  excess  of  ten  hours  a week,  will  require 
more  than  one  year  to  attain  the  Master’s  degree. 


TABULAR  SUMMARY  OF  REQUIREMENTS  FOR 
THE  MASTER’S  DEGREE 


Work 

Program,  major  and  minor 

Approval  of  thesis  subject 

Language  requirement 

Approval  of  candidacy.... 
Filing  thesis 

Examination  of  thesis.  . . . 


Under  the  Direction  of 
Adviser  and  dean  of  the 

Graduate  School 

Adviser  and  group  com- 
mittee   

Adviser  and  language  de- 
partment   

Executive  committee 

Dean  of  the  Graduate 

School  

Thesis  committee 


Date 

On  entrance. 

Middle  of  first  quarter  in 
residence. 

Before  close  of  second 
quarter. 

Beginning  of  third  quarter. 

At  least  six  weeks  before 
graduation. 

Before  admission  to  final 
oral  examination. 

Not  later  than  four  weeks 
before  commencement  and 
before  final  oral. 

Not  later  than  two  weeks 
before  commencement. 

One  week  before  com- 


Final written  examination 
in  major 

Final  oral  examination  on 
all  work 

(Course  examinations 
Fee  for  binding  thesis.... 


Major  department  mem- 
bers of  the  graduate 

faculty  

Thesis  committee;  all  can- 
didate’s instructors;  head 
of  major  department.  . . . 

; required  at  the  usual  time.) 
Registrar 


mencement. 


GENERAL  INFORMATION 


13 


DOCTOR’S  DEGREE 


In  the  Graduate  School,  one  Doctor’s  degree,  doctor  of  philosophy 
(Ph.D.)  is  conferred  by  the  University  of  Minnesota.  This  degree  is 
granted,  not  on  the  basis  of  successful  completion  of  a definite  amount  of 
prescribed  work  but  solely  in  recognition  of  the  candidate’s  high  attain- 
ments and  ability  in  this  special  field,  to  be  shown,  first,  by  the  preparation 
of  a thesis,  and,  second,  by  successfully  passing  the  required  examinations 
covering  both  the  general  and  the  special  fields  of  the  candidate’s  subjects 
as  detailed  later. 

Candidates  for  the  Doctor’s  degree  must  devote  at  least  three  years* 
of  graduate  study  to  approved  subjects.  The  first  two  years  or  the  last 
year  must  be  spent  in  residence  at  the  University  of  Minnesota. 


TABULAR  SUMMARY  OF  REQUIREMENTS  FOR 
THE  DOCTOR’S  DEGREE 


Work 
First  Year 

Major  

Minor  

Second  Year 

Tentative  program  of  en- 
tire second  and  third 
year’s  work. 

Major,  including  thesis... 
Minor  

Language  

Recommendation  

Preliminary  examination . . . 

Third  Year 

Major,  including  thesis... 


Filing  of  thesis 

Examination  of  thesis.  . . . 
Final  written  examination 


Final  oral  examination.... 


Bond  for  publication  of 
thesis 


Date 

Under  Direction  of 

On  registration 

Adviser  and  dean  of 
Graduate  School. 


Adviser,  group  committee, 
and  dean  of  Graduate 
School. 

As  for  tentative  program 

Adviser  and  minor  depart- 
ment. 

Adviser  and  language  de- 
partment. 

By  major  department 

Special  committee  ....... 


Before  beginning  work  of 
second  year. 


► Before  admission  to  pre- 
liminary examination 

i 

One  calendar  year  before 
degree  is  to  be  conferred. 


Adviser,  group  committee, 
and  dean  of  Graduate 
School. 

Dean  

Thesis  committee  

Major  department  members 
of  the  graduate  faculty. 

Adviser,  majority  of  mem- 
bers of  major  depart- 
ment, and  other  mem- 
bers appointed  by  dean 
of  the  graduate  faculty. 

Registrar  


Six  weeks  before  taking 
the  degree. 

Before  admission  to  final 
oral  examination. 

Four  weeks  before  taking 
degree  and  before  final 
oral  examination. 

Not  later  than  two  weeks 
before  taking  the  degree. 


Not  later  than  one  week 
before  taking  the  degree. 


* This  time  requirement  will  be  met  in  three  years  only  by  those  students  who 
devote  all  their  time  to  graduate  study.  Students  who  merely  devote  the  intervals  of 
professional  or  other  regular  employment  to  graduate  study  will  need  to  extend  their 
total  period  of  work  over  a longer  period  of  time.  Credit  for  such  work  will  be 
given  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  time  actually  spent  in  the  pursuit  of  graduate 
work. 


14 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


PROFESSIONAL  OPPORTUNITIES  OPEN  TO  STUDENTS 
OF  PLANT  SCIENCE 

Students  specializing  in  any  of  the  fields  of  work  in  plant  science  are 
strongly  advised  to  continue  the  course  leading  to  the  higher  degrees. 

The  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  various  state 
agricultural  colleges  and  experiment  stations  offer  many  opportunities  for 
research  or  teaching  positions.  In  addition  to  Federal  or  state  work  the 
following  list  enumerates  some  of  the  positions  open  to  students  specializing 
in  the  various  fields. 

Bacteriology. — Teaching  positions  in  colleges  or  medical  schools,  hos- 
pital and  clinical  laboratories,  public  health  laboratories,  etc. 

Botany. — In  addition  to  positions  in  teaching  in  high  schools,  normal 
schools,  colleges,  universities,  and  experimental  work,  opportunities  are 
offered  in  research  institutes,  in  museums,  and  in  various  commercial  lines. 
A thoro  training  in  botany  is  fundamental  to  all  the  other  lines  of  plant 
science. 

Farm  crops. — County  agricultural  agents,  agricultural  extension  work, 
and  the  various  phases  of  business  which  need  special  agricultural  training. 

Forestry. — Teaching  positions  in  colleges  of  forestry;  positions  with 
corporations  dealing  in  lumber  or  with  private  firms  having  large  timber 
holdings ; paper  mills,  research  or  control  laboratories,  etc. 

Genetics  and  plant-breeding. — Specialists  with  seed  firms,  nurseries,  or 
the  privately  endowed  research  institutions. 

Horticulture. — Teaching  and  research  positions  in  colleges  and  experi- 
ment stations.  In  many  sections  of  the  country  county  agricultural  agents, 
with  special  horticultural  training,  are  being  appointed.  Agricultural  high 
schools  are  seeking  men  with  horticultural  training  because  of  the  facility 
with  which  horticultural  subjects  can  be  handled  in  high  schools.  Nursery- 
men, seedsmen,  and  plant  growers  are  more  and  more  utilizing  the  services 
of  trained  horticulturists  and  more  than  ever  are  trained  horticulturists  in 
demand  as  managers  and  superintendents  of  fruit  farms  and  estates. 

Plant  chemistry. — Chemists  in  the  laboratories  of  the  flour  mills  or  the 
grain  trade;  chemists  or  assistants  in  hospital  laboratories;  chemical  posi- 
tions with  industrial  corporations,  especially  those  dealing  with  biological 
or  agricultural  products  or  using  such  products  in  their  manufacturing 
processes ; private  commercial  laboratories  for  analytical  work  or  re- 
search, etc. 

Plant  pathology. — State  departments  of  agriculture ; some  positions  as 
county  or  local  advisers  for  crop  producers’  associations ; positions  with 
fruit  companies  and  large  commercial  organizations ; a few  with  railroads 
as  experts  in  transportation  diseases ; a constantly  widening  field  in  tree 
surgery. 

Plant  physiology. — -In  addition  to  many  teaching  positions  there  is  a 
growing  demand  for  plant  physiologists  in  (a)  various  research  institutes 
and  (b)  with  commercial  organizations  such  as  fertilizer  corporations, 
sugar  corporations,  rubber  companies,  fruit  growers’  associations,  and  others. 


GENERAL  INFORMATION 


15 


Pharmacognosy. — Positions  in  colleges  of  pharmacy;  in  commercial 
laboratories  or  with  corporations  dealing  in  drugs. 

Seed-testing. — State  departments  of  agriculture,  seed  firms,  etc. 

FACILITIES  OFFERED  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MINNESOTA 
FOR  WORK  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 

In  order  that  prospective  students  may  understand  more  clearly  what 
the  University  and  State  of  Minnesota  have  to  offer,  a brief  account  of 
the  opportunities  and  advantages  for  the  study  of  plant  sciences  is  presented. 
The  special  advantages  for  the  work  in  individual  departments  is  also  given 
below. 

NATURAL  ADVANTAGES 

The  topography,  geology,  climatology,  floras,  and  other  natural  features 
of  the  state  offer  certain  peculiarities  of  interest  to  the  student  or  in- 
vestigator. In  the  great  variety  of  conditions  prevailing,  students  may  find 
these  of  particular  value  and  of  special  advantage  in  working  out  problems 
in  which  they  are  primarily  interested. 

Geologically  Minnesota  presents  some  of  the  oldest  rock  formations  on 
the  American  continent.  It  also  contains  areas  representing  all  important 
glaciations  as  well  as  two  northern  extensions  of  the  great  loess  area, 
one  of  which  was  naturally  forested  and  the  other  prairie.  There  are  large 
areas  of  glacial  and  lacustrian  and  stream-formed  deposits,  and  loess  and 
other  wind-formed  soil  areas  upon  which  have  been  developed  prairie 
and  forest  vegetation.  In  peat  lands  Minnesota  leads  all  the  other 
states  of  the  Union,  both  in  the  total  acreage  and  the  proportion  of  the 
surface  occupied,  with  approximately  7,000,000  acres  or  one  eighth  of 
the  area  of  the  state.  The  ten  thousand  lakes  varying  in  size  from 
small  ponds  to  the  great  Lake  Superior  offer  almost  every  conceivable 
variation  in  the  ecology  of  fresh  water  aquatic  flora.  The  extensive 
publications  O'f  the  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota 
constitute  an  excellent  basis  for  the  study  of  Minnesota  plant  life.  A 
reconnaissance  soil  survey  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state  has  been  started 
and  detailed  surveys  of  representative  areas  are  already  available. 

The  climatology  of  the  state  also  offers  desirable  features.  The 
annual  rainfall,  varying  from  twenty  inches  in  the  northwest  to  thirty-two 
inches  in  the  southeast,  offers  opportunities  for  study  and  experimenta- 
tion. Temperature  variations  are  also  large  and  furnish  especially  good 
opportunities  for  study  and  research  in  the  temperature  relations  of  crop 
and  plant  distribution.  Restricted  areas  of  peat  are  liable  to  frequent 
summer  frost.  The  range  of  ecological  factors  from  open  prairies  of  the 
west  to  the  cold  and  moist  peat  bog  of  the  northeast  presents  innumerable 
possibilities  for  field  study.  The  soils  of  Minnesota  range  from  black 
calcareous  prairie  soils  to  the  gray  to  whitish  soils  of  the  coniferous  forests 
which  are  closely  related  to  the  podzols  of  northern  Russia. 


i6 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


The  state  is  liberally  supporting  soil  experimentation  and  the  oppor- 
tunities' for  study  and  investigation  in  connection  with  these  activities  are 
quite  exceptional. 

Botanically  the  state  furnishes  exceptional  advantages  in  the  variety 
of  floras  and  in  the  great  range  of  ecological  environment.  They  include 
the  vast  coniferous  forests  of  the  north,  the  prairies  of  the  south  and 
west,  and  between  these  the  hardwood  areas.  These  possibilities  are  further 
discussed  under  Botany. 

OPPORTUNITIES  FOR  FIELD  WORK 

The  University  of  Minnesota  maintains  a large  number  of  experiment 
stations  so  distributed  over  the  state  that  the  important  agricultural  areas 
are  well  represented. 

The  central  and  main  station  of  422  acres  is  on  the  University  Farm 
campus  which  is  connected  with  the  main  University  campus,  three  miles 
distant,  by  a special  trolley  line.  The  Crookston  Station  (476  acres)  is 
located  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state  on  the  heavy  black  lacustrian 
soils  of  the  old  Lake  Agassiz  basin.  The  Morris  Station  (292  acres)  is  in 
the  west  central  part  of  the  state  on  black  silt  loam  soil  representative  O'f 
that  region.  The  Waseca  Station  (246  acres)  is  in  the  south  central  part 
in  the  corn  belt  and  in  the  border  belt  of  winter  and  spring  wheat  areas. 
The  Grand  Rapids  Station  (454  acres)  in  the  north  central  part  of  the 
state  is  typical  of  great  coniferous  areas  and  together  with  the  Duluth 
Station  (252  acres)  furnishes  opportunities  for  a study  of  many  of  the 
problems  in  this  region. 

A special  fruit-breeding  farm  of  109  acres  is  maintained  at  Zumbra 
Heights,  in  the  heart  of  the  Lake  Minnetonka  fruit  region,  with  excellent 
greenhouse,  laboratory,  and  field  equipment.  It  is  twenty-five  miles  from 
Minneapolis  and  easily  accessible  by  train  and  trolley. 

In  connection  with  the  state  work  on  soils,  in  addition  to  the  regular 
stations,  eleven  special  field  stations  are  available  on  high-lime  peats,  light 
sands  and  low-lime  soils  of  southeastern  Minnesota,  representative  of 
extensive  soil  areas. 

The  forestry  interests  of  the  state  are  also  represented  by  several 
stations  and  by  state  and  Federal  forest  reserves.  The  Cloquet  Forest 
Experiment  Station  is  located  in  the  northeast  section  of  the  state.  It 
consists  O'f  2,662  acres  with  excellent  stands  of  virgin  timber,  is  well 
equipped  with  building  and  field  experiment  facilities,  is  close,  to  the  town 
of  Cloquet  where  large  lumber  mills  and  pulp  mills  are  located.  The 
Lake  Itasca  Forest  Station  is  also  well  equipped  with  buildings  and  is 
located  at  the  head  waters  of  the  Mississippi  River  in  a large  state  park 
and  forest  reserve  of  about  50  square  miles  with  a variety  of  stands  of 
virgin  timber  and  unexcelled  opportunities  for  field  studies  in  forestry 
and  general  biological  fields. 

Within  the  state  are  also  the  Cass  Lake  National  Forest  near  the  head 
waters  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Superior  National  Forest  in  the  low 


LOCAT/ON  OF  F/ ELD  5TATJONS  /N  M/NNESOTA.  J922 


i8 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


mountainous  region  of  the  extreme  north  and  northeast.  Stafe  forest 
reserves  are  also  maintained  at  Burntside  Lake,  at  Carlton,  and  at  other 
points,  making  a total  of  373, 000  acres  in  the  state. 

LIBRARIES 

The  library  facilities  in  plant  science  at  the  University  of  Minnesota 
are  adequate  for  the  student  and  investigator  of  almost  every  branch  of 
plant  science.  The  general  University  library  is  soon  to  be  housed  in  a 
large  and  suitable  modern  building.  The  general  library  of  the  College 
of  Agriculture  is  located  at  the  University  Farm  and  is  fairly  complete. 
The  various  college  and  department  libraries  are  also  available.  Outside 
of  the  University  there  are  accessible  in  the  Twin  Cities  the  J.  J.  Hill 
Reference  Library  and  the  State  Historical  Library,  both  of  which  are 
located  in  St.  Paul,  and  the  city  libraries  of  both  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis. 


DEPARTMENTAL  STATEMENTS 

BOTANY 

LIBRARY 

The  library  consists  of  an  exceptionally  fine  collection  of  about  8,000 
bound  volumes  and  several  thousand  cataloged  pamphlets.  The  collec- 
tion of  bound  volumes  includes  complete  sets  of  all  the  principal  botanical 
periodicals  of  the  world  together  with  the  principal  series  of  monographs 
on  systematic  botany.  An  important  feature  of  the  library  is  the  large 
collection  of  herbals  which  embraces  such  treasures  as  the  originals  of 
Brunfels,  Fuchs,  Dodaens  De  Lobel,  and  many  others.'  Another  note- 
worthy collection  is  the  Holway  Library  which  is  unquestionably  the 
richest  in  the  middle  west  on  fungi  and  on  the  rusts  in  particular. 

HERBARIUM 

The  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  is  the  fifth  largest  in 
North  America,  being  exceeded  only  by  the  collections  at  Harvard,  New 
York  Botanical  Garden,  The  National  Herbarium,  and  possibly  the  Her- 
barium of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden.  It  embraces  the  splendid  collec- 
tion of  rusts  of  Mr.  Holway,  which  is  particularly  rich  in  types  apd  rare 
exchanges.  The  algological  collection  is  one  of  the  best  in  North  Amer- 
ica ; all  but  the  latest  collections  are  accessioned  and  the  herbarium  is 
arranged  on  an  easily  workable  basis.  In  the  building  up  of  the  herbarium 
special  emphasis  has  been  placed  on  the  acquisition  of  North  American 
and  European  plants. 

FIELD  WORK 

The  University  of  Minnesota  is  favorably  located  for  field  work  in 
taxonomy,  ecology,  and  forestry.  Three  distinct  floras  meet  and  mingle 
in  the  immediate  environs  of  the  Twin  Cities  and  they  are  all  easily 
accessible  for  work.  A typical  undisturbed  prairie  flora  is  found  on  the 
Fort  Snelling  Military  Reservation  adjoining  Minneapolis  on  the  south. 
This  area  is  over  1,000  acres  in  extent  and  practically  the  entire  tract 
has  never  been  disturbed.  The  mixed  hardwood  deciduous  forest,  locally 
known  as  the  “Big  Woods,”  lies  immediately  to  the  west  of  Minneapolis, 
with  scattered  areas  of  the  same  formation  both  to  the  east  and  south. 
The  northeast  coniferous  forest  reaches  its  southern  continuous  limit 
within  twenty  miles  of  the  University  with  numerous  outposts  much  nearer. 
Tamarack  swamps  are  numerous  and  contain  many  elements  of  the  north- 
ern forest.  River  gorges  and  flood  plains  together  with  innumerable 
streams,  lakes,  swamps,  and  marshes  offer  an  exceptionally  wide  variety 
of  conditions  for  the  development  of  different  types  of  vegetation.  These 
conditions  are  further  enhanced  by  the  fact  that  terminal  moraines  of 
the  different  ice  sheets  swing  in  great  circles  around  the  Twin  Cities  and 
till  and  outwash  plains  of  varied  chemical  nature  as  well  as  characteristic 
sand  dunes  abound. 


20 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


The  University  greenhouses  altho  not  very  extensive  are  well  stocked 
with  native  and  exotic  plants  and  the  aim  has  been  to  utilize  the  space 
available  in  providing  ample  supplies  of  fresh  material  for  class  use  along 
the  various  lines  of  work. 

PRESERVED  MATERIAL  AND  MUSEUM  SPECIMENS 

Large  stocks  of  preserved  material  of  plants  which  can  not  be  grown 
locally  or  at  the  time  when  needed  are  kept  on  hand.  This  reserve  con- 
sists of  thousands  of  jars  representing  all  the  large  groups  of  plants 
and  among  these  the  algological  collection  is  particularly  noteworthy  since 
it  is  the  largest  one  of  Pacific  algae  in  the  country. 

BACTERIOLOGY  AND  IMMUNOLOGY 

The  Department  of  Bacteriology  and  Immunology  offers  opportunities 
for  technical  and  theoretical  training  in  the  variety  of  branches  as  well  as 
in  bacteriology  as  a pure  science.  For  those  interested  in  medicine  or  in 
medical  laboratory  work  there  is  the  special  course  in  bacteriology  for 
medical  students  dealing  with  the  more  important  pathogens  and  theoretical 
consideration  as  to  the  nature  and  progress  of  infection  and  immunity. 
This  course  may  well  be  followed  by  the  courses  in  immunity,  higher 
bacteria,  pathogenic  Protozoa,  etc.,  and  by  special  research  problems  for 
qualified  students.  In  addition  to  the  departmental  museum,  the  University 
Hospital  and  the  dispensary  are  a continuous  source  of  material.  The 
proximity  and  cooperation  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  and  the  depart- 
ments teaching  the  other  fundamental  medical  sciences,  facilitate  the  ar- 
rangement of  a varied  and  thoro  course  for  those  interested  in  this  field. 

The  advanced  course  in  household  bacteriology  which  may  be  followed 
by  any  amount  of  supervised  work  on  special  problems  can  well  be  correlated 
with  work  in  the  Department  of  Home  Economics,  the  amount  and  scope 
of  the  work  being  limited  only  by  the  maturity  and  interest  of  the  student. 

The  same  is  true  of  work  in  agricultural  bacteriology.  Unlimited 
material  can  be  obtained  from  the  University  Farm  campus.  The  course 
covers  soil  and  dairy  bacteriology  and  work  on  animal  and  plant  pathogens. 
Problems  in  soil  and  water  bacteriology  have  been  undertaken  by  students 
and  various  similar  pieces  of  individual  work  are  available.  The  approach 
to  work  in  industrial  bacteriology  is  principally  through  training  in  house- 
hold or  agricultural  bacteriology. 

An  exceptional  feature  of  study  at  Minnesota  is  the  opportunity 
afforded  for  work  in  bacteriology  as  a pure  science.  The  department  has 
an  unusual  equipment  of  electrical  and  other  devices  for  physical  and 
chemical  tests  and  measurements  and  the  student  desirous  of  a thoro 
knowledge  of  the  bacterial  cell  as  such  will  be  well  grounded  in  the 
courses  in  morphology  and  taxonomy  and  in  bacteriological  chemistry. 
Advanced  students  of  botany  or  plant  physiology,  especially  those  interested 
in  the  fungi  or  algae,  will  find  these  courses  of  especial  benefit.  Research 
on  such  problems  is  constantly  under  way. 


DEPARTMENTAL  STATEMENTS 


21 


Reports  on  the  progress  of  investigations  by  members  of  the  depart- 
ment, fellows,  and  students,  and  reviews  and  discussions  of  the  latest  pub- 
lications from  other  institutions  take  place  at  the  departmental  seminars. 

FORESTRY 

The  Department  of  Forestry  offers  advanced  work  in  the  fields  of 
sylviculture,  forest  products,  forest  management,  and  lumber  economics. 

In  the  wood  laboratories  intensive  work  may  be  carried  on  in  studies 
of  physical  and  mechanical  properties  of  American  and  foreign  woods, 
in  wood  structure  and  identification,  in  wood  uses  and  substitutes,  in 
plywoods,  in  by-products,  and  in  wood  preservatives.  The  varied  wood- 
using industries  of  the  Twin  Cities  are  always  open  to  students  interested 
in  wood. 

A good  collection  of  American  and  foreign  wood  specimens  is  available. 

The  Forest  Experiment  Station  at  Cloquet  affords  unequalled  facilities 
for  advanced  study  and  research  in  sylvics,  in  natural  and  artificial  repro- 
duction methods,  in  nursery  practice,  and  in  forest  management  problems. 

The  training  station  at  Itasca  offers  facilities  for  field  studies  in 
sylviculture  and  nursery  practice  during  the  summer  months. 

Records  of  intensive  sylvical  research  covering  a period  of  ten  years 
are  available. 

The  library  contains  copies  of  the  most  important  works  in  forestry 
and  pertaining  to  forestry,  in  the  English  language  as  well  as  all  the 
standard  works  in  foreign  languages.  Complete  files  of  all  publications 
of  the  states,  of  the  Federal  government,  of  foreign  countries,  and  all 
technical  forestry  journals  are  available,  as  well  as  most  of  the  lumber 
and  wood-using  journals  published  in  this  country. 

Cooperative  facilities  at  University  Farm  and  at  the  stations  at  Itasca 
and  Cloquet  are  extended  to  specialists  in  forest  entomQlogy,  forest  pa- 
thology, and  forest  zoology. 

Altho  Minnesota  does  not  contain  the  large  stands  of  timber  which 
it  formerly  possessed  there  are  still  large  holdings  and  extensive  cuttings. 
Numerous  opportunities  still  exist  for  study  of  forest  management,  lumber- 
ing, and  marketing  problems  in  the  great  forest  areas  of  the  state.  Large 
areas  for  reforestation  are  available.  Large  pulp  and  paper  mills,  lumber 
mills,  the  National  Forest,  and  the  state  forests,  the  activities  of  the  United 
States  Forest  Service  and  the  Minnesota  State  Forestry  Service  offer  nu- 
merous opportunities  for  study  in  almost  all  fields  of  forestry. 

HORTICULTURE 
FRUIT-BREEDING  FARM 

A one  hundred  nine  acre  farm  entirely  devoted  to  the  breeding  of 
fruits  is  operated  under  the  direction  of  the  Division  of  Horticulture. 
This  furnishes  an  unusual  opportunity  for  students  who  are  interested  in 
questions  of  genetics  and  fruit-breeding  to  study  a wide  range  of  breeding 


22 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


material  and  of  seedlings.  A good  collection  of  hardy  spe.cies  is  main- 
tained for  breeding  purposes  and  seedlings  running  into  the  tens  of  thou- 
sands are  available  for  studies  in  character  inheritance,  hardiness,  sterility, 
etc.  Numerous  problems  connected  with  the  breeding  of  fruits  involve 
the  fields  of  cytology,  microchemistry,  biochemistry,  and  plant  physiology. 
Those  who  are  also  interested  in  some  of  these  phases  of  science  can  find 
a ready  opportunity  to  select  research  problems  that  .can  be  completed  in 
a comparatively  short  time. 

GREENHOUSE  FACILITIES 

Both  at  the  Fruit-Breeding  Farm  and  at  the  University  Farm  the 
Horticultural  Division  is  equipped  with  greenhouses  in  which  graduate 
students  may  have  suitable  space  for  growing  material  during  the  winter 
in  connection  with  thesis  projects. 

/ N 
VEGETABLE  PRODUCTION 

From  ten  to  fifteen  acres  of  land  at  the  University  Farm  are  utilized 
for  the  production  of  vegetables.  Comprehensive  strain  and  variety  tests 
are  conducted  in  addition  to  cultural  studies.  There  is  ample  opportunity 
for  the  development  of  research  problems  in  this  field.  Work  in  vegetable- 
breeding and  selection  has  been  in  progress  for  a number  of  years  and  a 
considerable  amount  of  interesting  material  is  on  hand. 

FRUIT  PRODUCTION 

On  University  Farm  some  fruit  culture  experiments  are  in  operation 
as  well  as  fruit  variety  studies.  On  nearby  places  under  cooperative 
arrangements  with  private  growers  a considerable  amount  of  orchard  ma- 
terial is  available  for  investigational  use. 

ORNAMENTAL  HORTICULTURE 

The  University  Farm  campus  is  under  the  supervision  of  a member 
of  the  Horticultural  Division  and  contains  a good  collection  of  hardy 
species  of  plants,  shrubs,  and  trees.  This,  together  with  the  annual  and 
perennial  garden,  furnishes  a wealth  of  material  to  the  student  interested 
in  the  study  of  hardy  ornamentals. 

PHARMACOGNOSY  AND  PHARMACEUTICAL  BOTANY 
MEDICINAL  PLANTS  GARDEN 

The  garden  comprises  about  two  acres  devoted  to  the  culture  of 
medicinal  plants  for  educational  purposes.  Several  hundred  species  of  the 
more  important  annual,  biennial,  and  perennial  medicinal  plants  are  under 
cultivation  and  available  for  study.  A slat  house  provides  facilities  for 
growing  shade-loving  plants.  The  collection  includes  many  plants  native 
to  foreign  countries  only.  Opportunities  for  studying  the  effects  of  varia- 
tion in  factors  influencing  plant  growth  especially  upon  constituents  are 
afforded. 


DEPARTMENTAL  STATEMENTS 


23 


MEDICINAL  PLANT  CONSERVATORY 

The  pharmacy  greenhouse  laboratory  contains  a collection  of  the 
more  important  medicinal  plants  of  the  tropics.  Some  of  these  are  grown 
in  sufficient  quantity  to  afford  ample  material  for  work  along  morpho- 
logical, phytochemical,  and  other  allied  lines.  Facilities  are  also  available 
for  studying  the  problems  concerned  with  the  propagation  and  cultivation 
of  medicinal  plants. 

DRUG-DRYING  AND  MILLING 

The  equipment  is  especially  designed  for  carrying  out  the  processes 
of  dehydration  and  comminution  required  for  practical  routine  work  and 
research  on  medicinal  and  other  economic  plants.  It  includes  a battery 
of  drying  ovens  having  a capacity  of  -approximately  five  hundred  pounds 
of  fresh  plant  material ; steel  storage  carriage  bins ; a high  speed  disinte- 
grator mill;  a Schutz-O’Neill  high  speed  limited  pulverizer;  a Hance 
horizontal  cone  plate  mill ; numerous  small  vertical  cone  plate  mills ; a 
gyrator  sifter ; a fanning  mill ; a thresher ; standard  testing  sieves ; etc. 
The  machinery  is  all  motor  driven  and  sufficiently  varied  in  character  to 
permit  of  the  production  of  almost  any  quantity  or  character  of  product 
desired. 

VEGETABLE  DRUG  COLLECTIONS 

Over  three  thousand  specimens  of  powdered  vegetable  drugs  and  spices 
and  nearly  as  many  unpowdered  specimens  are  cataloged  and  indexed  in 
the  collections  of  the  Department  of  Pharmacognosy.  In  addition  a repre- 
sentative collection  of  .fresh  preserved  material  is  available.  The  specimens 
are  all  arranged  for  immediate  access  and  study.  In  the  development  of 
the  collections,  special  attention  has  been  given  to  the  authenticity  and 
purity  of  the  powdered  products.  A large  number  of  the  powdered  drugs 
have  been  produced  from  hand  brushed  specimens  and  many  from  drugs 
produced  from  the  plants  grown  in  the  medicinal  plant  garden.  The 
value  of  these  collections  is  greatly  increased  by  reason  of  their  use  as 
the  bases  for  establishing  Federal  and  state  standards  for  drugs  and  spices 
under  the  Food  and  Drug  Act.  Upwards  of  ten  thousand  permanent 
microscopic  mounts  are  available  for  instructional  and  comparative  studies. 
An  excellent  collection  of  photographic  negatives  and  photographic  prints 
of  medicinal  plants  is  maintained. 

Microscopes,  microscopical  accessories,  charts,  models,  physiological, 
chemical,  and  photographic  apparatus  and  the  usual  facilities  and  equipment 
required  for  carrying  on  the  various  lines  of  pharmacognostical  work  are 
provided. 

PLANT-BREEDING  AND  FARM  CROPS 

The  field  plots  which  are  used  by  the  Division  of  Agronomy  and 
Farm  Management  for  farm  crops  and  plant-breeding  experiments  are 
located  at  University  Farm  and  are  available  for  those  students  who  desire 
to  specialize  in  these  lines.  In  many  cases  some  phase  of  a station  project 
mav  be  handled  by  the  graduate  student.  Studies  of  this  nature  must  be 
continued  during  the  summer. 


24 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


Cooperative  studies  in  the  genetics  of  disease  resistance  ^are  being 
carried  on  by  the  divisions  of  Plant  Breeding  and  Plant  Pathology. 
For  the  student  who  wishes  to  undertake  this  line  of  work,  the  opportu- 
nities at  Minnesota  are  exceptionally  good.  Adequate  material  for  the 
study  of  the  taxonomy  of  crop  plants  is  available  for  the  student  who 
wishes  to  specialize  in  this  field.  Material  and  equipment  are  also  avail- 
able for  statistical  studies.  Fair  equipment  for  cytological  and  histological 
studies  is  available. 

The  library  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  contains  most  of  the 
important  journals  which  are  of  use  to  the  student  of  crops  or  of  plant- 
breeding. 

Summaries  of  earlier  farm  crop  and  plant-breeding  studies  together 
with  an  index  file  of  recent  crop  production  and  crop  genetic  literature 
are  a part  of  the  equipment. 

PLANT  CHEMISTRY 

The  Division  of  Agricultural  Biochemistry  emphasizes  those  phases  of 
chemistry  which  are  concerned  with  living  processes.  A considerable  part 
of  the  work  is  designed  in  particular  for  students  of  plant  science.  The 
laboratory  equipment  and  apparatus  are  representative  of  the  more  modern 
demands  in  this  field.  Complete  apparatus  for  the  determination  of 
hydrogen  ion  concentration  by  either  the  potentiometric  method  or  color- 
imetric method  is  available.  The  research  laboratory  is  equipped  with  a 
constant  speed  high  frequency  A.  C.  generator  and  other  apparatus  for 
the  determination  of  electrical  conductivity.  Electric  vacuum  ovens,  electric 
drying  ovens,  constant  temperature  thermostats  and  incubator's,  refractom- 
eters,  colorimeters,  nephelometers,  polariscope,  centrifuges,  including  a 
supercentrifuge  capable  of  exerting  a pressure  of  40,000  times  gravity, 
several  complete  sets  of  Van  Slyke’s  amino  nitrogen  apparatus,  ultra 
microscope,  MacMichael  viscosimeter,  autoclaves,  hydraulic  press,  and  mills 
of  various  kinds  represent  some  of  the  more  special  apparatus. 

Library  facilities  include  not  only  the  departmental  library  but  the 
large  libraries  of  the  School  of  Chemistry  and  the  School  of  Medicine  on 
the  Minneapolis  campus.  The  personal  libraries  of  the  various  staff 
members  are  made  available  to  advanced  students. 

Particular  attention  is  devoted  to  instruction  and  research  in  the  fields 
of  colloids,  proteins,  carbohydrates,  enzymes,  and  vitamines,  and  their  roles 
in  living  processes. 

A well-equipped  experimental  outfit  for  making  syrups  is  available, 
and  is  used  for  studying  methods  and  processes  in  the  utilization  of  syrup- 
prhducing  plants.  There  is  also  available  near  the  Twin  Cities  a large 
modern  sorghum  syrup  factory,  equipped  with  filter  presses,  vacuum' pans, 
and  many  unique  pieces  of  machinery,  with  which  the  division  has  a co- 
operative arrangement  for  large  scale  studies  of  sugar  problems. 

Facilities  are  available  for  obtaining  unlimited  quantities  of  yeast  for 
biochemical  or  physiological  studies. 


DEPARTMENTAL  STATEMENTS 


25 


One  of  the  major  projects  of  the  division  is  the  biochemistry  of  plant 
diseases,  and  the  divisions  of  Plant  Pathology  and  Agronomy  are  actively 
cooperating  on  this  problem. 

The  vitamine  laboratory  has  cage  space  for  about  500  small  animals. 
In  addition,  cooperation  with  the  Dairy  Division  provides  for  large  animal 
studies.  Emphasis  in  vitamine  work  is  largely  placed  on  the  plant  as  the 
original  source  of  these  essential  substances. 

Facilities  for  advanced  study  and  research  in  the  field  of  cereal  tech- 
nology include  laboratories  provided  with  not  only  the  conventional  equip- 
ment, but  an  experimental  flour  mill,  dough  mixers,  fermentation  cabinets, 
bake  ovens,  and  other  devices  for  conducting  small  scale  milling  and  baking 
experiments.  Several  private  libraries  of  books,  journals,  and  collections 
of  reprints,  along  this  and  related  lines,  are  available  to  advanced  students. 
In  addition,  through  the  cooperation  of  the  state  experimental  flour  mill 
(150  barrels  daily  capacity),  the  baking  department  of  Dunwoody  Indus- 
trial Institute,  and  of  several  large  commercial  bake  shops  of  the  Twin 
Cities,  these  institutions  are  available  for  industrial  experimentation  and 
research.  A chapter  of  the  American  Society  of  Milling  and  Baking 
Technology  meets  in  Minneapolis  at  intervals  during  the  winter  months, 
the  meetings  being  well  attended  by  local  cereal  chemises. 

PLANT  PATHOLOGY  AND  AGRICULTURAL  BOTANY 

Unusually  good  facilities  are  offered  by  the  Division  of  Plant  Pathology 
for  the  pursuit  of  graduate  studies.  Nearly  all  of  one  building  is  devoted 
to  plant  pathology  and  much  of  this  is  used  for  the  graduate  instruction 
and  research.  Four  large  rooms  are  fully  equipped  for  laboratory  investi- 
gations in  the  various  phases  of  plant  pathology  and  provide  ample  indi- 
vidual space  for  a relatively  large  number  of  students.  A mycological 
herbarium  of  approximately  25,000  specimens  supplemented  by  a substantial 
pathologium  is  housed  in  a spacious  room  which  is  also  equipped  for 
mycological  research.  There  is  a departmental  library  of  approximately 
500  books  in  addition  to  most  of  the  important  periodicals  relating  to 
mycology  and  plant  pathology,  as  well  as  large  collections  of  bulletins 
and  separates.  The  main  agricultural  library  with  33,000  volumes,  the 
botanical  and  general  library  of  the  Minneapolis  campus,  as  well  as  the 
large  reference  libraries  of  the  Twin  Cities  are  readily  accessible. 

Two  large  greenhouses,  a section  of  which  contains  facilities  for  soil 
temperature  control,  are  used  for  graduate  research  in  plant  pathology. 
An  experimental  field  of  five  acres  is  devoted  to  plant  pathological  experi- 
ments. A substantial  field  house  containing  a field  laboratory  is  conveniently 
situated  near  this  field.  For  investigations  of  diseases  of  crops,  which  are 
more  or  less  restricted  to  various  sections  of  the  state,  facilities  are 
available  at  the  substations  at  Duluth,  Grand  Rapids,  Crookston,  Morris* 
and  Waseca.  For  dendropathological  work,  facilities  are  available  at  the 
Itasca  and  Cloquet  substations. 


26 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


The  University  of  Minnesota  being  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  spring 
wheat  area  has  naturally  become  the  center  of  investigations  of  cereal 
diseases,  especially  of  the  black  stem  rust.  The  cooperation  of  the  office 
of  cereal  investigations  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
has  broadened  the  scope  of  this  work,  making  it  the  most  important  work 
of  its  kind  in  the  country.  The  Division  of  Plant  Pathology  is  working 
also  in  close  cooperation  with  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture.  The 
office  of  potato  seed  certification  of  the  State  Department  is  in  the  Plant 
Pathology  Building  and  its  work  is  correlated  closely  with  the  work  of  the 
Division  of  Plant  Pathology,  enabling  students  of  potato  diseases  to  keep 
in  very  close  touch  with  the  potato-growing  industry. 

Interdepartmental  cooperation  within  the  University  is  always  en- 
couraged. Most  of  the  important  investigations  being  pursued  in  the 
Division  of  Plant  Pathology  are  in  cooperation  with  one  or  more 
departments. 

SOILS 

The  Division  of  Soils  has  a' modern  equipment  for  the  study  of  the 
chemical  and  physical  properties  of  soils,  including  a constant  temperature 
room  and  a greenhouse. 

For  field  experiments  on  the  use  of  fertilizers,  manures,  and  soil 
amendments,  and  in  soil  management,  it  not  only  has  facilities  at 
University  Farm,  and  at  five  substations — Crookston,  Morris,  Grand 
Rapids,  Duluth,  and  Waseca — but  has  under  its  charge  the  eleven  experi- 
mental fields  leased  by  the  University  for  the  specific  purpose  of  carrying 
on  such  experiments.  Of  these,  three  represent  high-lime  peats — Coon 
Creek,  Golden  Valley,  and  Fens — four  are  on  the  lighter  type  of  sands — 
Coon  Creek,  Crow  Wing,  Backus,  and  Bemidji — and  four,  on  the  low- 
lime  silt  loams  of  southeastern  Minnesota — Hayfield,  Kenyon,  Aspelund, 
and  Caledonia. 

The  soil  survey  of  the  state,  recently  begun,  is  under  the  supervision 
of  the  division,  thus  permitting  soils  students  an  opportunity  during  the 
summer  to  acquire  field  training  while  receiving  remuneration. 

The  soils  of  the  state,  while  of  almost  exclusively  glacial  origin,  show 
a wide  range  in  character.  Most  of  them  have  been  formed  upon  the 
mantle  of  drift  left  by  the  ice  and  the  others  upon  the  aeolian  and  lacustral 
deposits  derived  from  this.  They  range  from  the  black  calcareous  prairie 
soils  of  the  western  and  southwestern  counties  to  characteristic  podzols 
in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the  northeast.  Soils  developed  on  four  glacia- 
tions are  to  be  found  for  investigation  within  convenient  driving  distance 
of  the  laboratory. 


COURSE  DESCRIPTIONS 


Note— Class  schedules  in  the  following  course  descriptions  should  be 
verified  by  reference  to  the  program  of  the  college  in  which  the  course 
is  given. 


BACTERIOLOGY 

(Department  of  Bacteriology  and  Immunology,  Medical  School) 
INTRODUCTORY  COURSES 

isu,f,Ay,s.  General  Bacteriology.  Prerequisites:  io  credits  in  chemistry 
and  io  credits  in  biology.  Five  credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; MWF.  Dr. 
Larson,  Dr.  Henrici,  Miss  Benton. 

ADVANCED  COURSES 

For  advanced  work,  and  with  the  consent  of  the  major  adviser,  courses 
in  botany,  plant  chemistry,  physiologic  chemistry,  pathology  and  plant 
pathology  may  be  accepted  as  major  work. 

ioif,su.  Special  Medical  Bacteriology.  The  pathogenic  bacteria;  prin- 
ciples of  infection  and  immunity.  Prerequisite : general  bacteriology. 
Four  credits.  I,  II ; MWF.  Dr.  Larson. 

103W.  Special  Bacteriology  for  Students  of  Agriculture.  Bacteriology 
of  the  soil,  the  nitrogen-fixing  bacteria ; bacteria  that  cause  plant 
diseases ; bacterial  diseases  of  domestic  animals ; the  bacteriology  of 
milk  and  dairying.  Prerequisite : general  bacteriology.  Four  credits. 
Ill,  IV ; TThS.  Dr.  Henrici. 

105L  Household  Bacteriology.  The  decay,  fermentation,  and  putrefaction 
of  foodstuffs  ; molds  ; canning ; bacterial  food-poisoning.  Prerequisite : 
general  bacteriology.  Three  credits.  VIr  VII ; TTh.  Miss  Benton. 

114s.  The  Higher  Bacteria.  Morphology,  cultivation,  and  classification  of 
actinomycetes,  yeasts,  and  molds.  Prerequisites : general  and  special 
bacteriology.  Three  credits.  VI,  VII ; TTh.  Dr.  Henrici. 

ii6w.  Course  in  Immunity.  Laws  of  hemolysis.  Quantitative  relation- 
ship between  antigen  and  antibody.  Wasserman  reaction.  Opsonins. 
Vaccines.  Precipitin  reaction.  Blood-grouping.  Abderhalden  reaction. 
Anaphylaxis.  Prerequisite : Course  101  or  103.  Three  credits.  VI, 
VII ; TTh.  Dr.  Larson. 

117s.  Pathogenic  Protozoa.  Parasitic  Protozoa  of  man;  including  spiro- 
chaets ; their  morphology  and  life  histories ; cultural  methods.  Pre- 
requisites: general  and  special  bacteriology;  Animal  Biology  144-145-146. 
Three  credits.  VI,  VII ; TTh.  Dr.  Larson. 


28 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


n8f.  Morphology  and  Taxonomy  of  Bacteria.  Cytology  of  bacteria; 
morphology,  biochemical,  and  immunological  characters  as  data  for 
classification.  Prerequisites : general  and  special  bacteriology.  Three 
credits.  VI,  VII ; TTh.  Dr.  Henrici. 

H9f.  Bacteriological  Chemistry.  Chemical  analyses  of  bacteria;  bac- 
terial metabolism ; factors  stimulating  enzyme  production ; nitrogen 
fixation.  Prerequisites : general  and  special  bacteriology ; physiologic 
chemistry  or  phytochemistry.  Four  credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; TTh.  Mr. 
Green. 

I20w.  Continuation  of  ii9f.  Bacterial  toxins;  “Split  proteins”;  bacterial 
activity  in  the  alimentary  tract ; pigment  production ; autolysis  of  bac- 
teria; immunochemistry ; permeability  of  bacterial  cells;  behavior  of 
bacteria  toward  electricity.  Sixty-six  hours ; 4 credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; 
TTh.  Mr.  Green  and  assistant. 

i5of-i5iw  or  150W-151S.  Advanced  Bacteriology.  Special  problems.  Pre- 
requisites: general  and  special  bactei  iology.  Limited  to  ten  students. 
Arrange  credits.  Dr.  Larson,  Dr.  Henrici. 

201.  Research  in  Bacteriology.  Hours  and  credits  arranged.  Dr.  Larson, 
Dr.  Henrici. 

203.  Seminar  in  Bacteriology.  One  credit.  Staff. 

BOTANY 

(Department  of  Botany,  College  of  Science,  Literature,  and  the  Arts) 
INTRODUCTORY  COURSES 

i f-2w.  General  Botany.  Ten  credits.  Sec.  1.  Lab.  I,  II;  MWF.  Quiz. 
I;  T.  Lect.  II;  TThS.  Sec.  2.  Lab.  V,  VI;  MWF.  Quiz.  IV;  T. 
Lect.  V,  VI ; T ; V ; Th.  Mr.  Durand,  Mr.  Butters,  Mr.  Huff, 
Mr.  Johnson,  and  assistants. 

4f-5w-6s.  General  Botany.  Same  as  Course  1-2,  extended  throughout 
three  quarters.  For  students  in  agriculture  and  forestry  only.  Nine 
credits.  Lect.  VII ; TTh.  Lab.  V,  VI ; TTh.  Mr.  Durand. 

7s.  Taxonomy  of  Flowering  Plants.  A general  study  of  the  classifica- 
tion and  relationships  of  flowering  plants.  Prerequisite : Course  2 
or  4-5'.  Five  credits.  Lab.  V,  VI ; MWF.  Quiz.  V ; Th.  Lect.  VI ; 
TTh.  Mr.  Rosendahl,  Mr.  Johnson. 

8s.  General  Botany.  A course  adapted  to  the  needs  of  students  in  home 
economics.  Five  credits.  Lect.  II ; TThS.  Lab.  I,  II ; MWF.  Mr. 
Durand. 

I2f.  General  Morphology  of  Algae.  Prerequisite : Course  2 or  6.  Three 
credits.  I,  II ; TThS.  Miss  Tilden. 


COURSE  DESCRIPTIONS 


29 


13W.  General  Morphology  of  Fungi.  Prerequisite:  Course  2 or  6. 
Three  credits.  ~ I,  II ; TThS.  Mr.  Johnson. 

I7f-i8w-igs.  General  Botany  and  Greenhouse  Work.  Study  of  ex- 
ternal forms  of  flowering  plants  and  special  study  of  the  flower  with 
the  outline  of  classification  of  flowering  plants.  For  pharmacy  stu- 
dents only.  Nine  credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; MW.  Mr.  Butters. 

2of.  Forest  Ecology.  Prerequisite : Course  2 or  4-5.  Three  credits.  Ar. 
Ar.  Mr.  Cooper.  * 

21s.  Elementary  Ecology.  An  introductory  course  in  the  study  of  plants 
in  relation  to  their  environment.  Prerequisite : Course  2 or  4-5.  Five 
credits.  Ill,  IV ; MTWFS.  Mr.  Cooper. 

22f,s.  Elementary  Plant  Physiology.  An  introductory  course  giving  a 
general  survey  of  plant  functions.  Prerequisite : Course  2 or  4-5  and 
organic  chemistry  advised.  Five  credits.  Ill,  IV ; MTWFS.  Mr. 
Knight,  Mr.  Harvey,  Mr.  Farabaugh. 

48f.  Plant  Industry.  Lecture  demonstration  course  on  relation  of  plants 
to  modern  important  industries  and  conservation  policies.  Especially 
for  students  in  Arts  and  the  professions.  Given  with  the  cooperation 
of  special  lectures  from  the  departments  of  the  plant  science  group. 
Five  credits.  VII ; MTWThF.  Mr.  Rosendahl,  Mr.  Freeman,  and 
special  lecturers. 

51  f.  Histological  Methods.  Training  in  the  technique  of  preparing  plant 
material  for  microscopic  study.  Prerequisites : 15  credits.  Three  cred- 
its. I,  II ; MWF.  Mr.  Rosendahl. 

56W-57S.  Botany  of  Economic  Plants.  A course  dealing  with  the  most 
important  botanical  features  of  the  common  economic  plants.  Pre- 
requisites: 15  credits.  Six  credits.  Ill,  IV;  MWF.  Mr.  Huff. 

62w.  General  Morphology  of  Bryophytes  and  Pteridophytes.  Struc- 
ture, evolution,  and  classification  of  liverworts,  mosses,  and  ferns. 
Prerequisites:  15  credits.  Three  credits.  V,  VI,  VII;  TTh.  Mr. 
Huff. 

63s.  General  Morphology  of  Gymnosperms  and  Angiosperms.  Struc- 
ture, evolution,  and  classification  of  seed  plants.  Prerequisite : Course 
7 or  62.  Three  credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; TTh.  Mr.  Butters. 

107W.  Morphology  and  Taxonomy  of  Bryophytes.  Structure  and  classi- 
fication of  liverworts  and  mosses.  Prerequisites : Courses  7 and  62. 
Five  credits.  Ar.  Ar.  Mr.  Durand. 

io8w.  Morphology  and  Taxonomy  of  Pteridophytes.  An  intensive  study 
of  lycopods,  ferns,  and  their  allies ; their  structure,  history,  and  classi- 
fication. Prerequisites : Courses  7 and  62.  Five  credits.  Ar.  Ar. 
Mr.  Butters. 


30 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


now.  Morphology  and  Taxonomy  of  Gymnosperms.  An  intensive  study 
of  cycads,  conifers,  and  their  allies ; their  structure,  history,  and 
classification.  Prerequisites : Courses  7 and  63.  Five  credits.  Ar.  Ar. 
Mr.  Butters. 

Ii3f-ii4w-n5s.  Advanced  Taxonomy.  Special  attention  is  given  to  the 
taxonomy  of  different  natural  groups  of  angiosperms,  involving  sys- 
tematic principles  and  practice,  rules  of  nomenclature,  and  systems 
of  classification.  Prerequisites:  15  credits  including  Course  7.  Nine 
credits.  V,  VI ; MWF.  Mr.  Rosendahl. 

ii8w.  Cytology.  A study  of  the  origin,  development,  structure,  and  func- 
tions of  the  plant  cell  and  its  various  constituents.  Prerequisites:  18 
credits.  Three  credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; TTh.  Mr.  Rosendahl. 

123-124-125-126.  Morphology  and  Taxonomy  of  the  Algae.  Myxophy- 
ceae,  Chlorophyceae,  Phaeophyceae,  Rhodophyceae.  Advanced  studies 
in  selected  groups.  Any  of  the  courses  may  be  taken  separately. 
Prerequisites : 15  credits  including  Course  12.  Twelve  credits.  V,  VI, 
VII ; TTh.  Miss  Tilden. 

127.  Anatomy  of  Vascular  Plants.  A study  of  the  microscopic  struc- 
ture of  vascular  plants  with  particular  attention  to  the  development 
and  evolution  of  the  vascular  system  in  the  root,  stem,  and  leaf.  Pre- 
requisites: 18  credits.  Five  credits.  Ill,  IV;  MTWFS.  Mr.  Butters. 

I3if.  Field  Ecology.  A survey  of  the  local  communities  and  successions 
followed  by  a written  report,  and  by  a study  of  the  general  principles 
of  plant  association  and  succession.  Prerequisite:  Course  21.  Five 
credits.  Ar.  Ar.  Mr.  Cooper. 

132.  Ecological  Anatomy.  The  individual  plant  and  its  parts  as  related 
to  environment ; special  plant  forms  and  structures,  their  causes  and 
significance.  Prerequisite:  Course  21.  Five  credits.  Ill,  IV ; MTWFS. 
Mr.  Cooper. 

133s.  Forest  Geography  of  North'  America.  Preliminary  discussion  of 
the  principles  of  plant  distribution  followed  by  a detailed  study  of 
the  forest  regions  of  North  America.  Prerequisite:  Course  21.  Five 
credits.  V,  VI ; MWF.  Mr.  Cooper. 

• 1 

141. . Physical  Phases  of  Plant  Physiology.  The  intake  and  trans- 
location of  materials,  and  the  energy  relations  of  the  plant.  Pre- 
requisite : Course  22,  and  general  organic  chemistry  advised.  Five 
credits.  ‘I,  II ; MTWThF.  Mr.  Knight,  Mr.  Harvey,  Mr.  Fara- 
baugh. 

142.  Plant  Metabolism.  The  synthesis  of  plant  food,  its  transformation 
and  utilization  by  the  plant.  Prerequisite : Course  22,  and  general  or- 
ganic chemistry  advised.  Five  credits.  I,  II : MTWThF.  Mr. 
Knight,  Mr.  Harvey,  Mr.  Farabaugh. 


COURSE  DESCRIPTIONS 


3i 


143.  Plant  Metabolism  and  Growth.  . A continuation  of  Course  142, 
dealing  with  respiration,  growth,  and  movement.  Prerequisite : Course 
22,  and  general  organic  chemistry  advised.  Five  credits.  I,  II ; 
MTWThF.  Mr.  Harvey,  Mr.  Knight,  Mr.  Farabaugh. 

144.  Plant  Microchemistry.  A study  of  the  localization  of  materials  of 
physiological  importance  in  the  plant  and  their  relation  to  physiological 
processes.  Prerequisite : Course  22,  and  general  organic  chemistry 
advised.  Five  credits.  Ill,  IV ; MTWFS.  Mr.  Harvey. 

COURSES  PRIMARILY  FOR  GRADUATE  STUDENTS 

201-202-203.  Research  Problems  in  the  Morphology  of  Vascular 
Plants.  Mr.  Butters. 

205-206-207.  Research  Problems  in  the  Taxonomy  of  Anvgiosperms. 
Mr.  Rosendahl. 

209-210-21 1.  Research  Problems  in  Algae:  Miss  Tilden. 

213-214-215.  Research  Problems  in  Embryology.  Mr.  Durand. 

217-218-219.  Special  Research  Problems  in  the  Taxonomy  and  Dis- 
tribution of  Algae.  Miss  Tilden. 

221-222-223.  Research  Problems  in  Ecology.  Mr.  Cooper. 

224.  Research  Methods  in  Plant  Physiology.  Mr.  Harvey,  Mr-. 
Knight. 

225-226-227.  Research  Problems  in  Plant  Physiology.  Mr.  Knight, 
Mr.  Harvey. 

229-230-231.  Research  Problems  in  Cytology.  Mr.  Rosendahl. 

233"234“235-  Seminar.  Students  may  register  for  one  hour  seminar  credit 
per  quarter  in  any  of  the  above  research  subjects. 

FARM  CROPS 

(Division  of  Agronomy  and  Farm  Management,  College  of  Agriculture, 
Forestry,  and  Home  Economics) 

INTRODUCTORY  COURSES 

if,w,s,su.  Farm  Crops.  An  elementary  study  of  the  general  problems  of 
crop  production  together  with  the  important  field  crops  of  the  United 
States.  Three  credits.  Ill,  IV ; MWF.  Mr.  Steinmetz. 

ADVANCED  COURSES 

For  advanced  work  and,  with  the  approval  of  the  adviser,  courses  in 
agricultural  biochemistry,  botany,  genetics,  horticulture,  plant-breeding, 
plant  pathology,  and  plant  physiology  may  be  accepted  as  major  work. 


32 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


121  f . Cereal  Crops.  An  advanced  study  of  the  cereal  crops.  Structure, 
group  classification,  improvement,  growing,  and  utilization.  Prerequi- 
sites : Course  i,  botany  9 credits.  Three  credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; TTh. 
Mr.  Arny,  Mr.  McGinnis. 

122W.  Corn  and  Potato  Crops.  A study  of  the  corn  and  potato  crops 
similar  to  that  outlined  for  Course  121.  Prerequisites:  Course  1, 
botany  9 credits.  Three  credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; TTh.  Mr.  Arny,  Mr. 
McGinnis. 

123s.  Forage  and  Fiber  Crops.  A study  of  forage  and  fiber  crops.  Pre- 
requisites, Course  1,  botany  9 credits.  Three  credits.  V,  VI,  VII; 
TTh.  Mr.  Arny,  Mr.  McGinnis. 

209.  Research  in  Farm  Crops.  Prerequisites : 9 credits  in  farm  crops. 
Three  to  9 credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Arny. 

2i3f,w,s.  Farm  Crops  Seminar.  Discussion  of  problems,  reviews  of  liter- 
ature, and  reports  of  thesis  problems.  Prerequisites : 9 credits  in  farm 
crops.  Maximum  of  3 credits.  Mr.  Arny. 

214.  Special  Topics  in  Farm  Crops  Literature.  Prerequisites:  Agron- 
omy and  Farm  Management  Courses  I2if,  i22w,  123s  and  a reading 
knowledge  of  German.  Maximum  of  6 credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Arny. 

FORESTRY 

(College  of  Agriculture,  Forestry,  and  Home  Economics) 
INTRODUCTORY  COURSES 

if,s.  General  Forestry.  The  development  of  forestry  in  Europe  and 
America ; its  bearing  on  the  forestry  problems  of  the  United  States ; 
description  of  the  United  States  forests.  Four  credits.  II ; MTWF. 
Mr.  Cheyney. 

2su.  Elementary  Dendrology.  The  trees  and  shrubs  found  in  Itasca  Park, 
with  special  reference  to  identification  by  means  of  gross  characters. 
Two  credits.  Ar.  (Offered  at  Itasca  Station.)  Mr.  Wentling. 

3f-4w.  Dendrology.  The  forest  trees  of  the  United  States ; their  classi- 
fication, characteristics,  and  range.  Prerequisite : Botany  4.  Eight 
credits.  Lect.  II;  TThS.  Lab.  VI,  VII,  VIII;  M.  Mr.  Wentling, 
Mr.  DeFlon. 

5su.  Elementary  Sylviculture.  Largely  field  work.  Sylvicultural  study 
of  the  species  found  in  the  north  woods  and  the  general  principles 
underlying  sylvicultural  reconnaissance.  Two  credits.  Ar.  (Offered 
at  Itasca  Station.)-  Mr.  Wentling. 


COURSE  DESCRIPTIONS 


33 


9.  Elementary  Mensuration.  Largely  field  work.  Timber-cruising,  valu- 

ation surveys,  stem  analysis,  and  the  study  of  the  measurements  of 
stand,  volume,  and  yield.  Two  credits.  Ar.  (Offered  at  Itasca  Sta- 
tion.) Mr.  Allison. 

10.  Forest  Mensuration.  Measurement  of  standing  and  felled  timber. 
Special  attention  is  given  to  log  rules,  preparation  and  use  of  volume 
tables,  growth  of  .trees,  and  yield  table.  Prerequisite : Course  3-4. 
Five  credits.  IV ; MTWFS.  Mr.  Hansen. 

nf.  Forest  Valuation.  The  business  of  forest  management.  Prerequi- 
sites: Courses  10,  41.  Five  credits.  I;  MTWThF.  Mr.  Allison. 

20w.  Grazing.  History  of  grazing  in  the  west.  Kinds  of  stock  used. 
Forage  plants.  Regulations  and  methods  of  handling  stock.  Range 
management  and  protection.  Three  credits.  Ill ; TThS.  Mr.  Alli- 
son. • 

23.  Factory  Experience.  Two  or  more  months  in  a factory  utilizing 
wood  by-products.  Prerequisite : Course  33-34.  Three  or  5 credits. 
Ar. 

26f,w.  Tree  Crops.  The  relation  of  the  forest  to  agriculture  and  animal 
husbandry.  The  farm  and  timber  supply.  One  credit.  IV ; TS.  Mr. 
Cheyney. 

27W.  Groves  and  Windbreaks.  Planning  and  planting  farm  windbreaks 
and  shelterbelts.  Utilization  and  marketing  of  farm,  grove,  or  woodlot 
products.  Three  credits.  I ; MWF.  Mr.  Wiggin. 

28w.  Logging.  The  practice,  cost,  and  development  of  the  different  logging 
methods  in  use  in  the  different  forest  regions  of  the  United  States, 
and  the  modifications  required  by  forest  management.  Prerequisite : 
Course  3-4.  Three  credits.  Ill ; MWF.  Mr.  Cheyney. 

29L  Sawmill  and  Wood-Working  Machinery.  Prerequisite:  Course 
33-34.  Three  credits.  IV ; MWF.  Mr.  Cheyney. 

.30s.  Seasoning  of  Wood.  Air  seasoning  and  kiln  drying  the  different 
species  of  wood  and  the  different  forms  of  wood  products ; the  results 
obtained  and  the  defects  to  be  avoided.  Prerequisite : Course  33-34. 
Three  credits.  Ill ; MWF.  Mr.  Cheyney. 

32W.  Lumber  Distribution.  The  standing  timber  of  the  United  States 
in  its  relation  to  the  lumber  market.  The  organization  of  the  industry 
and  the  distributing  agencies.  Prerequisite : Course  33-34.  Five  credits. 
II ; MTWThF.  Mr.  Cheyney. 

33f-34w.  Wood  Structure  and  Identification.  The  structure,  classifica- 
tion, and  identification  of  the  most  important  commercial  domestic 
and  foreign  woods.  Prerequisites:  Course  3-4,  Botany  4-5-6.  Six 
credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; WF.  Mr.  Wentling. 


34 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


35w.  Seeding  and  Planting.  The  cultural  principles,  operations,  methods, 
and  equipment  in  nursery  work  and  artificial  regeneration.  Prerequi- 
site: Course  41.  Three  credits.  Ill;  MWF. 

36w.  Policy  and  Administration.  Policy  of  the  United  States  and  the 
states  toward  the  utilization  of  the  public  forest  resources.  Policy  of 
other  owners  towards  forest  resources  controlled  by  them.  Admin- 
istration of  the  national  and  state  forests.  Prerequisites : Courses 
43  and  11,  28  parallel.  Five  credits.  I;  MTWThF.  Mr.  Allison. 

39f.  Wood  Preservation.  The  history,  development,  and  methods  of  wood 
preservation.  Prerequisite : Course  33-34.  Three  credits.  II ; TThS. 
Mr.  Allison. 

40s.  Forest  By-Products.  A general  survey  of  forest  products  other  than 
wood.  Three  credits.  I ; MWF.  Mr.  Allison. 

41  f.  Sylvics.  The  basis  of  sylviculture  with  special  attention  to  the 
sylvics  of  the  important  tree  species.  Prerequisites : Course  3-4,  Botany 
4-5-6.  Three  credits.  II ; MWF.  Mr.  Wentling. 

43s.  Sylvicultural  Laboratory.  Nursery  practice  and  field-planting. 
Field  investigations  and  planting  plans.  Seed-collecting,  extracting, 
and  storing.  Daily  nursery  and  field  work.  Prerequisite:  Course  35. 
Six  credits.  Ar.  (Offered  at  Itasca  Station.)  Mr.  Wentling. 

44s.  Wood  Pulp  and  Paper.  The  manufacture  of  wood  pulp  and  wood 
pulp  papers.  Prerequisites : Course  33-34,  Chemistry  3 or  10.  Three 
credits.  II ; MWF.  Mr.  Allison. 

45s.  Forest  Regulation.  The  principles  of  forest  regulation.  The  purpose 
and  preparation  of  forest  working  plans.  Prerequisites:  Courses  43,  11. 
Three  credits.  IV ; MWF.  Mr.  Allison. 

46s.  Forest  Regulation  Laboratory.  Field  work.  The  collection  of  the 
data  necessary  to  working  up  a forest  working  plan.  Prerequisites : 
Courses  43,  11.  Three  credits.  Ar.  (Offered  at  Itasca  Station.) 
Mr.  Allison. 

ADVANCED  COURSES 

For  advanced  work,  and  with  the  approval  of  the  major  adviser, 

courses  in  botany,  chemistry,  entomology,  geology,  horticulture,  plant 

pathology,  plant  physiology,  and  soils  may  be  accepted  as  major  work. 

ioiw.  Advanced  Dendrology.  A continuation  of  Courses  3 and  4 with 
special  studies  in  classification  and  distribution.  Prerequisites : Course 
3-4,  Botany  4-5-6.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Wentling. 

io6w.  Research  Methods  in  Sylviculture.  The  fundamental  principles 
upon  which  sylviculture  is  based.  Prerequisite : Course  43.  Three 
credits.  II ; MWF. 


COURSE  DESCRIPTIONS 


35 


I07f.  Uses  of  Wood  I.  The  economic  hard  and  soft  woods,  both  foreign 
and  domestic,  from  standpoint  of  regions  of  production,  distribution 
centers,  qualities,  amounts,  and  prices  in  relation  to  the  wood-using 
industries.  Prerequisite:  Course  33-34.  Three  credits.  IV;  MWF. 
Mr.  Wentling. 

io8w.  Uses  of  Wood  II.  Continuation  of  ' Course  107  dealing  with  indus- 
tries and  the  woods  used.  Prerequisite : Course  107.  Three  credits. 
IV ; MWF.  Mr.  Wentling. 

109s:  Uses  of  Wood  III.  The  actual  use  of  wood  in  the  industries.  Open 
only  on  completion  of  Courses  107  and  108.  Three  credits.  IV ; 
MWF.  Mr.  Wentling. 

now.  Mechanical  and  Physical  Properties  of  Wood.  Strength  as  re- 
lated to  seasoning,  mechanical  failures,  penetration  of  preservatives, 
testing  timbers.  Prerequisite:  Course  33-34.  Two  credits.  V,  VI; 
WF.  Mr.  Wentling. 

11  if.  Advanced  Wood  Structure.  Wood  elements  and  structures  as  re- 
lated to  seasoning,  mechanical  failures,  penetration  of  preservatives, 
etc.  Prerequisite : Course  33-34.  Three  credits.  V,  VI ; MWF.  Mr. 
Wentling. 

ii2w.  Advanced  Forest  Mensuration.  Continuation  of  Course  10.  Pre- 
requisite : Course  10.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Hansen. 

113W.  Advanced  Forest  By-Products.  Prerequisites:  Course  33-34,  Chem- 
istry 3 or  10  and  Chemistry  36.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Allison. 

201-202.  Research  Problems  in  Science  and  Practice  of  Sylviculture. 
Mr.  Wentling. 

203-204.  Research  Problems  in  Management  and  Working  Plans.  Mr. 
Allison.  » 

205-206.  Lumber  Markets  and  Prices.  Mr.  Cheyney. 

207f-2o8w-209s.  Research  in  Wood  Technology.  Mr.  Wentling. 

GENETICS  AND  PLANT-BREEDING 

(Divisions  of  Agronomy  and  Farm  Management,  and  Horticulture,  College 
of  Agriculture,  Forestry,  and  Home  Economics ; and  Department  of 
Animal  Biology,  College  of  Science,  Literature,  and  the  Arts.) 

ADVANCED  COURSES 

For  advanced  work,  and  with  the  approval  of  the  adviser,  courses  in 
agricultural  biochemistry,  botany,  farm  crops,  horticulture,  plant  pathology, 
and  plant  physiology  may  be  accepted  as  major  work. 


36 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


131.  Agronomy  or  109  Horticulture.  Principles  of  Genetics.  Funda- 
mental principles  of  breeding,  heredity,  variation,  biometry,  and  evolu- 
tion. Prerequisites : botany  10  credits,  animal  biology  10  credits. 
Three  credits.  I ; TTh.  I,  II ; S.  Mr.  Beaumont,  Mr.  Griffee. 

183W.  Animal  Biology.  Genetics  and  Eugenics.  Facts  and  theories  of 
heredity  and  the  application  of  the  laws  governing  natural  inheritance 
for  the  improvement  of  the  race.  Prerequisites:  biology  15  credits. 
Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Nachtrieb. 

I32's.  Agronomy.  Farm  Crops  Plant-Breeding.  Applied  genetics.  Meth- 
ods of  breeding  each  of  the  important  agricultural  crops.  Prerequisites : 
Agronomy  131  or  Horticulture  109.  Three  credits.  I;  TTh.  I,  II;  S. 
Mr.  Hayes,  Mr.  Griffee. 

now.  Horticulture.  Horticulture  Crops-Breeding.  Applied  genetics.  The 
method  of  breeding  each  of  the  important  horticultural  crops.  Pre- 
requisites: Agronomy  131  or  Horticulture  109.  Three  credits.  I; 
TThS.  Mr.  Beaumont,  Mr.  Bushnell. 

209f-2iow-2iis-2i2su.  Horticulture.  Horticultural  Crops-Breeding  Re- 
search. Students  usually  required  to  continue  work  over  one  summer. 
Ar.  Mr.  Alderman,  Mr.  Hayes. 

203f,w,s.  Agronomy  or  2i3f,2i4w,2i5s.  Horticulture.  Plant-Breeding  Sem- 
inar. History  of  plant-breeding,  application  of  recent  genetic  theories 
to  crop  improvement  and  a discussion  of  research  problems.  Pre- 
requisites: Agronomy  131  or  Horticulture  109.  Three  credits.  Ar. 
Mr.  Hayes. 

201.  Agronomy.  Research  in  Plant-Breeding.  Ar.  Mr.  Hayes. 

21 1 w.  Agronomy.  Topics  in  Plant-Breeding  Literature.  Prerequisite: 
Agronomy  132  or  Horticulture  no.  Maximum  of  6 credits.  Ar.  Mr. 
Hayes. 

217L  Agronomy.  Advanced  Genetics.  Prerequisite:  Agronomy  131  or 
Horticulture  109.  Three  credits  per  year.  Maximum  of  6 credits. 
Ar.  Mr.  Hayes. 

HORTICULTURE 

(Division  of  Horticulture,  College  of  Agriculture,  Forestry,  and  Home 

Economics) 

INTRODUCTORY  COURSES 

6f.  Fruit-Growing.  Fundamental  principles.  Three  credits.  Sec.  1,  Lect. 
II ; MF.  Lab.  I,  II ; T or  F.  Sec.  2,  Lect.  IV;  TTh.  Lab.  VI,  VII ; 
M.  Mr.  Alderman. 

2iw.  Small  Fruit  Culture.  Prerequisites : Course  6 or  32,  botany  9 
credits.  Three  credits.  IV ; MWF.  Mr.  Brierley. 


COURSE  DESCRIPTIONS 


37 


32s.  Vegetable-Growing.  Three  credits.  Sec.  1,  Lect.  II;  MW.  Lab. 
I,  II;  T or  F.  Sec.  2,  Lect.  IV;  TS.  Lab.  VI,  VII;  M.  Mr. 
Tapley,  Mr.  Bushnell. 

33w.  Vegetable-Forcing.  Prerequisites : Course  32,  botany  9 credits.  Three 
credits.  Lect.  I ; TTh.  Lab.  V,  VI ; F.  Mr.  Tapley. 

50s.  Floriculture.  Three  credits.  Ill ; MWF.  Mr.  Cady. 

56s.  Propagation  and  Nursery  Practice.  Three  credits.  Lect.  Ill;  TS. 
Lab.  V,  VI ; T.  Mr.  Cady. 

71s.  Landscape  Gardening.  Three  credits.  II ; TThS.  Mr.  Cady. 

91  s.  Advanced  General  Horticulture.  For  students  in  agricultural  edu- 
cation. Three  credits.  Prerequisite : botany  9 credits.  Ar.  Mr. 
Alderman,  Mr.  Cady,  Mr.  Tapley. 

93f.  Judging  Horticultural  Crops.  Prerequisite:  Course  6 or  32.  Two 
credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; T.  Mr.  Alderman,  Mr.  Brierley,  Mr.  Cady, 
Mr.  Tapley. 

ADVANCED  COURSES 

107L  Orchard  Management.  The  various  operations  in  orchard  and 
berry  fields.  Operating  costs  and  profits.  Prerequisite : Horticulture 
6.  Three  credits.  Lect.  Ill ; TTh.  Lab.  I,  II ; Th.  Mr.  Brierley. 

mf.  Systematic  Pomology.  Prerequisite:  Horticulture  6.  Three  credits. 
IV,  V,  VI,  VII ; W.  Mr.  Alderman,  Mr.  Brierley. 

I3if.  Advanced  Vegetable  Production.  The  business  of  vegetable-garden- 
ing, variety  improvement,  production  of  seed,  investigation,  and  re- 
search. Prerequisite : Horticulture  32.  Three  credits.  Lect.  Ill ; 
MW.  Lab.  I,  II;  S.  Mr.  Tapley. 

132L  Systematic  Olericulture.  The  origin,  botany,  varieties,  and  types 
of  the  different  vegetables,  their  characteristics  and  adaptation  to  differ- 
ent cultural  and  ^market  conditions.  Prerequisite : Horticulture  32. 
Three  credits.  Lect.  II ; TTh.  Lab.  V,  -VI ; F.  Mr.  Tapley. 

133W.  Commercial  Truck-Growing.  Truck-growing  centers  of  the  United 
States,  cultural  methods,  special  machinery  and  equipment,  market 
methods,  shipping  points.  Adaptation  of  truck  crops  to  Minnesota, 
commercial  production  for  canneries ; handling ; shipping  to'  market. 
Prerequisite : Horticulture  32.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Tapley. 

I35w.  Potato  Production.  The  origin,  botany,  regional  distribution,  eco- 
nomic importance,  group  classification,  standardization  or  varieties 
according  to  soil,  climate,  and  markets.  Identification,  exhibiting, 

151  f • Advanced  Floriculture.  Culture,  botany,  and  history  of  florists’ 
plants  and  methods  of  greenhouse  management.  Prerequisites : Horti- 
culture 50,  botany  9 credits.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Cady. 


38 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


judging,  cultural  methods,  seed  selection  and  certification,  marketing, 
and  utilization.  Prerequisites : Course  6 or  32,  botany  9 credits.  Three 
credits.  Lect.  Ill ; MW.  Lab.  V,  VI ; Th.  Mr.  Krantz. 

191W-192S.  Special  Problems.  Prerequisite:  special  permission.  Two  to 
4 credits  per  quarter.  Mr.  Alderman. 

I93f-i94w-i95s.  Horticultural  Seminar.  Reports  and  discussions  of  prob- 
lems and  investigational  work.  Required  O'f  graduate  students.  Pre- 
requisite : special  permission.  One  credit  per  quarter.  Ar.  Horti- 
cultural staff. 

20if-202w-203s-2'04su.  Fruit-Growing  Research.  Open  to  those  who  have 
specialized  in  fruit-growing.  Three  to  6 credits  per  quarter.  Ar. 
Mr.  Alderman,  Mr.  Brierley. 

23if-232w-233s-234su.  Vegetable-Growing  Research.  Open  to  those  who 
have  specialized  in  vegetable-growing.  Three  to  6 credits  per  quarter. 
Ar.  Mr.  Tapley. 

242W.  Methods  and  Interpretation  of  Horticultural  Research.  Two 
credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Alderman. 

PHARMACOGNOSY 
(College  of  Pharmacy) 

INTRODUCTORY  COURSES 

is.  Medicinal  Plant  Study  and  Drug  Preparations.  One  credit.  Ar. 
Mr.  Newcomb  and  assistants. 

2w.  The  Pharmacognosy  of  the  Thallophytes,  Archegoniates,  and 
Gymnosperms.  Prerequisite:  Course  1.  Two  credits.  Ar.  Mr. 
Newcomb  and  assistants. 

3s.  Pharmaco-Histology.  Includes  the  micrometry  and  the  detailed  study 
of  the  inner  structure  of  parts  of  the  higher  plants  as  illustrated  by 
about  forty  official  and  unofficial  drugs.  Prerequisite : Course  2,  Materia 
Medica  I.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Newcomb  and  assistants. 

4f.  Drug  Collection  and  Preparation.  Scientific  methods  of  drug  col- 
lection and  preparation  of  about  fifty  drugs  from  plants  grown  in 
the  medicinal  plant  garden.  Prerequisite : Course  3.  Three  credits. 
Ar.  Mr.  Newcomb  and  assistants. 

5w.  Pharmacognosy  of  the  Angiosperms.  The  official  crude  and  pow- 
dered seeds,  roots,  rhizomes,  barks,  woods,  pith,  flowers,  fruits,  leaves, 
herbs,  exudations,  animal  drugs,  etc.,  and  their  adulteration.  Pre- 
requisite: Course  3.  Ten  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Newcomb  and  assistants. 


COURSE  DESCRIPTIONS 


39 


6s.  Field  Work.  Field  searches  for  native  medicinal  plants.  The  study 
of  the  distinguishing  characteristics  of  certain  orders,  families,  and 
genera  of  medicinal  plants.  Prerequisite:  Course  i.  Two  credits. 
Ar.  Mr.  Newcomb. 

7w.  Physiological  Drug  Assay.  The  pharmacopoeial  and  more  impor- 
tant unofficial  methods  of  biologic  assay.  Prerequisite:  Course  5. 
Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Newcomb. 

■8w,s.  Advanced  Pharmacognosy.  The  use  of  the  more  important  micro- 
scopical accessories  in  advanced  pharmacognostic  work.  Prerequisite : 
Course  5.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Newcomb. 

PLANT  CHEMISTRY 

(Division  of  Agricultural  Biochemistry,  College  of  Agriculture,  Forestry, 
and  Home  Economics) 

INTRODUCTORY  COURSES 

3f,w,s,su.  Types  of  Carbon  Compounds.  An  elementary  study  of  the  dif- 
ferent groups  of  carbon  compounds,  with  special  reference  to  their 
relationships  to  biology.  Prerequisites : chemistry  10  credits.  Six 
credits.  I ; MTWThFS.  Mr.  Anderson. 

7f,w-8w,s.  General  Agricultural  Biochemistry.  A qualitative  and 
quantitative  study  of  the  types  of  organic  and  inorganic  compounds 
found  in  plants  and  animals  and  of  the  chemical  changes  involved  in 
metabolism,  growth,  2nd  maintenance.  Prerequisite : chemistry  10 
credits.  Ten  credits.  Fall  and  winter.  Lect.  II;  TThS.  Lab.  V,  VI. 
VII ; MW.  Winter  and  spring.  Lect.  Ill ; TThS.  Lab.  V,  VI,  VII ; 
MF.  Mr.  Anderson,  Mr.  Hauge. 

ADVANCED  COURSES 

For  advanced  work,  and  with  the  approval  of  the  adviser,  courses  in 

bacteriology,  physical  chemistry,  organic  chemistry,  plant  physiology,  or 

plant  pathology  may  be  accepted  as  major  work. 

ioif,su-i02w,su.  Agricultural  Quantitative  Analysis.  The  estimation  of 
inorganic  and  organic  constituents  of  biological  products,  the  proximate 
analysis  of  foods  and  feeding  stuffs,  the  use  of  the  polariscope,  im- 
mersion refractometer,  colorimeter  and  nephelometer,  viscosim  ter,  and 
other  special  apparatus.  Prerequisite : Course  7-8  or  organic  and 
quantitative  analysis.  Six  credits.  V,  VI,  VII,  VIII;  MWF.  Mr. 
Morrow. 

f 

io6f.  Chemical  Technology  of  Agricultural  Products.  The  composi- 
tion of  the  principal  products  and  by-products  of  agriculture  and  their 
utilization  as  raw  material  in  various  industries,  and  the  methods  of 
chemical  control  work  in  these  industries.  Prerequisite : Course  101-102. 
Five  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Bailey. 


40 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


108s.  Chemistry  of  Wheat  and  Wheat  Products.  The  chemical  tech- 
nology of  the  production  and  milling  of  wheat  and  the  conversion  of 
its  products  into  human  food.  Prerequisite : Course  7-8  or  3.  Three 
credits.  I ; MWF.  Mr.  Bailey. 

iios.  Flour  Laboratory  Methods.  Analysis  of  wheat  and  its  products; 
milling  tests  of  wheat,  baking,  and  special  tests  of  flour.  Designed  to 
train  students  for  research  and  control  work  in  the  cereal  industry. 
Prerequisite  1 Course  ^7-8.  Five  credits.  V,  VI,  VII,  VIII ; MWF. 
Mr.  Bailey. 

■ r 

111  f ,su-i I2w,su.  Phytochemistry.  The  colloidal  state,  and  the  chemistry 
of  proteins,  carbohydrates,  glucosides,  tannins,  fats,  plant  acids,  enzymes, 
and  pigments  and  their  physicochemical  relations  to  the  vital  processes 
involved  in  growth  and  nutrition.  Prerequisites : Course  3 or  7-8, 
biology  9 credits.  Six  credits.  Ill ; MWF.  Mr.  Morrow. 

H3f,su-ii4w,su.  Biochemical  Laboratory  Methods.  A laboratory  course 
paralleling  111,  using  recent  methods  for  the  investigation  of  biologically 
important  compounds.  Prerequisite : quantitative  analysis.  Four  cred- 
its. V,  VI,  VII,  VIII ; TTh.  Mr.  Morrow,  Mr.  Evans. 

n8f,w,s,su.  Laboratory  Problems  in  Biochemistry.  Three  to  5 credits. 
Ar.  Mr.  Gortner,  Mr.  Bailey,  Mr.  Palmer,  Mr.  Morrow,  Mr. 
Willaman. 

201  f ,w,s,su.  Seminar.  Required  of  all  majoring  in  this  division  and  of  all 
minoring  for  the  doctor  of  philosophy  degree.  One  credit.  Ar.  Mr. 
Gortner. 

203f,w,s,su.  Research  Problems.  Three  or  5 credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Gortner, 
Mr.  Bailey,  Mr.  Palmer,  Mr.  Morrow,  or  Mr.  Willaman. 

205f,w,s,su.  Special  Topics  in  Biochemical  Literature.  A reading 
knowledge  of  German  is  necessary  and  of  French  desirable.  Pre- 
requisite : Course  206,  207,  or  208.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Gortner. 

2o6f.  Colloids.  Particular  emphasis  to  colloids  in  biology.  Prerequisite : 
Course  m-112,  or  physical  chemistry.  Three  credits.  II;  MWF. 

Mr.  Gortner. 

207L  Enzymes.  Prerequisite:  Course  m-112  or  physiologic  chemistry. 
Three  credits.  Ill ; MWF.  Mr.  Willaman. 

2o8w.  Proteins.  Prerequisite:  Course  m-112  or  advanced  organic  chem- 
istry. Three  credits.  II;  MWF.  Mr.  Gortner. 

209W.  Carbohydrates.  Prerequisite:  Course  m-112  or  advanced  organic 
chemistry.  Three  credits.  Ill ; TThS.  Mr.  Morrow,  Mr.  Willaman. 


COURSE  DESCRIPTIONS 


4i 


PLANT  PATHOLOGY 

(Division  of  Plant  Pathology  and  Bot?ny,  College  of  Agriculture,  Forestry, 
and  Home  Economics) 

INTRODUCTORY  COURSES 

if,su.  Plant  Pathology.  Prerequisites:  botany  9 credits.  Five  credits. 
V,  VI,  VII,  VIII ; MWF.  Mr.  Stakman,  Mr.  Leach,  Mr.  Seal. 

iof.  Forest  Pathology.  (Offered  in  alternate  years.  Given  in  1922-23.) 
Prerequisites  : botany  9 credits.  Five  credits.  V,  VI,  VII,  VIII ; MWF. 
Mr.  Stakman,  Mr.  Leach,  Mr.  Seal. 

14s.  Plant  Disease  Control.  (Offered  in  alternate  years.  Given  in  1922- 
23.)  Prerequisites:  Course  1,  Entomology  1 or  3.  Five  credits.  Ar. 
Mr.  Barker. 

ADVANCED  COURSES 

For  advanced  work,  and  with  the  approval  of  the  adviser,  courses  in 
botany,  plant  physiology,  bacteriology,  entomology,  and  plant  chemistry 
may  be  accepted  as  major  work. 

io5f-io6w-io7s.  Mycology.  The  morphology,  taxonomy,  and  biology  of 
fungi.  Prerequisite:  Botany  7,  11,  or  equivalent.  Nine  credits.  Ill, 
IV ; MWF.  Miss  Dosdall. 

io8f-i09w.  Methods.  Plant  pathological  methods  including  mycological 
and  bacteriological  technique.  Prerequisites:  Course  1,  Bacteriology  1. 
Six  credits.  I,  II ; MWF.  Mr.  Leach. 

iios.  Principles  of  Pathology.  Comparative  biology  of  plant  pathogens; 
pathological  plant  anatomy;  parasitism,  biologic  specialization,  resistance, 
and  immunity.  Will  be  given  in  close  cooperation  with  the  Division 
of  Agricultural  Biochemistry  and  divisions  offering  work  in  plant- 
breeding. Prerequisites:  Course  1,  Bacteriology  1.  Three  credits. 
I,  II ; MWF.  Mr.  Stakman,  Mr.  Barker. 

iiiw,su.  Diseases  of  Field  Crops.  Symptomatology,  etiology,  and  practical 
methods  of  control.  Prerequisite : Course  1.  Three  credits.  V,  VI ; 
MWF.  Mr.  Stakman,  Mr.  Barker. 

112s.  Diseases  of  Fruit  Crops.  Special  study  of  diseases  of  fruit  crops, 
especially  those  important  in  Minnesota.  Laboratory,  lecture,  and 
greenhouse  work.  Prerequisite:  Course  1.  Three  credits.  V,  VI; 
MWF.  Mr.  Leach. 

113s.  Diseases  of  Vegetable  Crops.  A detailed  study  of  diseases  of  pota- 
toes and  other  vegetable  crops.  Lecture,  reference,  laboratory,  and 
greenhouse  work.  Prerequisite:  Course  1.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr. 
Leach. 


42 


COURSES  IN  PLANT  SCIENCE 


114W.  Advanced  Forest  Pathology.  A detailed  study  of  wood  rots, 
including  a study  of  the  deterioration  of  wood  products  caused  by 
fungi.  Lecture,  laboratory,  and  greenhouse  work.  Prerequisite  1 
Course  1.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Stakman,  Mr.  Leach. 

203f-204w-205s.  Special  Problems.  Ar.  Mr.  Freeman,  Mr.  Stakman. 

2Q7f-2o8w-209s.  Research  in  Mycology.  Prerequisites : Plant  Pathology 
and  Botany  105-106-107.  Three  credits  per  quarter.  Ar.  Mr.  Free- 
man, Mr.  Stakman. 

21 1.  History  of  Plant  Pathology.  Three  credits  per  quarter.  Ar.  Mr. 
Stakman. 

213.  Seminar.  Assigned  topics  with  special  reference  to  current  patho- 
logical problems.  Two  credits  per  quarter.  Ar.  Mr.  Freeman,  Mr. 
Stakman. 

SEED-TESTING 

(Division  of  Plant  Pathology  and  Botany,  College  of  Agriculture,  Forestry  ^ 
and  Home  Economics) 

INTRODUCTORY  COURSES 

7w.  Weeds  and  Grasses.  Agricultural  and  applied  botanical  study  with 
special  reference  to  agricultural  importance.  Prerequisites : botany  9 
credits.  Three  credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; WF.  Mr.  Larson. 

9f,su.  Weeds  and  Seed-Testing.  Seed-testing  methods  and  seed  legisla- 
tion. Prerequisites : botany  9 credits.  Three  credits.  V,  VI,  VII ; 
WF.  Mr.  Larson. 

I2w.  Seed  Problems.  Prerequisite:  Course  9.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr. 
Larson. 

SOILS 

(College  of  Agriculture,  Forestry,  and  Home  Economics) 
INTRODUCTORY  COURSES 

4f.  Soils.  Origin,  formation,  composition,  classification,  physical  properties, 
moisture  relations ; principles  of  tillage.  Prerequisites : chemistry  10 
credits.  Three  credits.  Lect.  Ill ; TTh.  Lab.  Ill,  IV ; S.  Mr.  Rost. 

5s.  Soil  Fertility.  Soil  organisms ; use  of  lime,  commercial  fertilizers, 
stable  manure,  and  green  manures  in  relation  to  crop  production.  Pre- 
requisite : Course  4.  Three  credits.  Lect.  Ill ; TTh.  Lab.  Ill,  IV ; S. 
Mr.  Alway,  Mr.  Rost. 

ADVANCED  COURSES 

ioif.  Chemical  Analysis  of  Soils.  Prerequisites:  Course  5 and  quanti- 
tative analysis.  Three  to  5 credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Rost. 


COURSE  DESCRIPTIONS 


43 


i02w,s.  Special  Problems  in  Soils.  Ar.  Mr.  Alway. 

104s.  Soil- Surveying.  Field  practice  in  surveying  soils  and  the  preparation 
of  soil  maps.  Prerequisite : Course  108.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr. 
McMiller. 

105W.  Minnesota  Soils.  Origin,  formation,  and  classification ; physical 
fertilizers,  and  soil  amendments ; naturally  unproductive  types  and 
chemical  characteristics ; moisture  relations ; response  to  manure, 
their  reclamation.  Prerequisite : Course  5.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr. 
Alway. 

io6w.  Peat  Soils.  Formation,  chemical  composition,  physical  properties, 
classification,  and  reclamation.  Prerequisite:  Course  5.  Two  credits. 
Ar.  Mr.  Alway. 

107W.  Fertilizers  and  Manures.  Sources,  composition,  and  uses.  Pre- 
requisite : Course  5.  Two  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  Rost. 

io8w.  Physical  Properties  of  Soils.  A laboratory  course.  Prerequisite: 
Course  5.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr.  McMiller. 

201  w.  Classification  of  Soils.  Individual  work.  Open  only  to  those 
graduates  who  have  a reading  acquaintance  with  French  and  German. 
Prerequisites:  Soils  1,  3,  104,  and  105.  Three  credits.  Ar.  Mr. 
Alway. 

202f,w,s.  Research  in  Soils.  Credit  according  to  work.  Ar.  Mr.  Alway. 

203W.  Seminar  in  Soils.  Review  of  literature^  and  research ; study  of 
methods  of  investigation  of  soils.  Required  of  graduate  students.  No 
credit.  VII ; T.  Mr.  Alway. 


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